Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṗoŋV

Meaning: mud; gum, resin

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ponk-

Altaic: *p`ŏŋe ( ~ -i)

Dravidian: *baŋk-

References: Cf. also *pVnV.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *pAnk-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: mud, rot

Old Indian: páṅka- m., n. `mud, mire, dirt'

Germanic: *fang=, *funx-t-i, -a- adj.

Russ. meaning: мокрая грязь, гниль

References: WP II 5 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *fang=, *funxt(i)a-

Meaning: wet, moist

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *fanga- > ital. fango, frz. fange Schlamm, Kott

Old English: fūht `moist, damp'

Old Saxon: fūcht adj. `vochtig'

Middle Dutch: vocht, vucht, vochte n. `vocht, damp, nevel'; vocht, vucht adj.

Dutch: vocht n., dial., arch. vocht adj.

Middle Low German: vucht `vocht, damp, nevel'; vucht, vüchte adj.

Old High German: fūht, fūhti `nass, bewässert' (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: viuhte 'feucht'

German: feucht

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *p`ŏŋe ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: mildew, slime

Russian meaning: плесень, слизь

Turkic: *öŋeŕ

Mongolian: *(h)öŋgür

Tungus-Manchu: *puŋ-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *öŋeŕ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 slime (on dishes) 2 mildew

Russian meaning: 1 налет, слизь (на стенках посуды) 2 плесень

Yakut: öŋüs 1

Kazakh: öŋez 1

Bashkir: üŋäδ 2

Comments: ЭСТЯ 1, 538.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *(h)öŋgür

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: scurf, slime

Russian meaning: налет, слизь

Written Mongolian: öŋgür, öŋger (L 638)

Khalkha: öŋgör

Buriat: üŋger

Kalmuck: öŋgṛ 'gall, gastric juice'

Ordos: öŋgör

Comments: KW 297. Mong. > Kirgh., Oyr. öŋör, Yak. öŋür (VEWT 373, Róna-Tas 1970, 216).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *puŋ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mildew

Russian meaning: плесень

Evenki: huŋna

Negidal: xoŋnan-

Spoken Manchu: fǝntan (440)

Literary Manchu: funtan

Ulcha: pụŋda

Orok: pụŋda

Nanai: poŋdã

Oroch: xuŋna

Comments: ТМС 2, 349.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *baŋk-

Meaning : gum, resin

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *baŋk- (*v-)

Proto-Telugu : *baŋk-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *baŋk-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *baŋk- (*v-)

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : baŋke, boŋka, boŋke

Kannada meaning : gum, glue, resin

Tulu : (?) pakara

Tulu meaning : sap, juice

Number in DED : 3817

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *baŋk-

Meaning : gum, glue, matter or mucus discharged from the bowels; stinginess; viscous, glutinous, sticky, stingy

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : baŋka

Additional forms : Also baŋketa a stingy woman

Number in DED : 3817

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *baŋk-

Meaning : resin

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : bakka "resin (BB)"

Kinwat Kolami : baŋka "gum"

Naikri : bakka "gum"

Parji : bāk, bākar "gum of tree"

Salur Gadba : baŋka "gum, stickiness"

Additional forms : Also Kolami (Pat.) bakka sap

Number in DED : 3817

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVNV

Meaning : gum, resin, mud

Eurasiatic : *ṗoŋV

Sino-Caucasian : *bħĭ́nḳwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bħĕ́nḳwV

Meaning: pine-tree, resin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bħĭnḳ_wV

Burushaski: *baŋ

Basque: *muki

Comments and references : LDC 24.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bħĭnḳ_wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pine-tree

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)aḳa

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *nVḳ:ʷV

Proto-Tsezian: *niqe

Proto-Lak: miIḳ-

Proto-Lezghian: *miḳʷ- / *niḳʷ-

Notes: In several languages there is a variation between m- and n-; n- is obviously secondary before the front vowel. Otherwise the correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *b(ɦ)aḳa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pine-tree 2 resinous root of pine-tree

Chechen: baga 1

Ingush: baga 2

Comments: 3d class in Chech., 6th class in Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *nVḳ:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pine-tree

Avar: naḳ:

Comments: Av. paradigm A (náḳ:i-l, náḳ:a-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *niqe

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pine-tree

Bezhta: niqe (Khosh.)

Gunzib: niqe-s

Comments: PGB *niqe.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: miIḳ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pine cone

Lak form: miIḳiIḳiIj

Comments: This is a dialectal (Arak.) form from Хайдаков 1966.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *miḳʷ- / *niḳʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fir-tree 2 pine-tree

Lezghian: muḳ-rag 1 (Nüt.)

Tabasaran: muḳ-ruḳ 1

Rutul: niḳʷ-näχI 2

Tsakhur: ḳuńaχ 2

Comment: All languages reflect a compound with some obscure second element. In Rut. the pronounciation varies between niḳʷnäχI and nuḳnäχI. The Tsakh. form is metathesized, but cf. the more archaic Gelm. ńuḳńaχ.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *baŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: gum, resin

Yasin: baŋgí

Hunza: baŋ

Nagar: baŋ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *muki

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 gum, resin (of trees) 2 snot, mucus

Gipuzkoan: muki 2

Baztanese: muki 1, 2

Comments: The regular change of PSC *b(H)VnKV > Bsq *mukV is convergent with that of some NC languages, e.g. Tabasaran muḳ-ruḳ 'fir tree'. Some Bsq dialects, BNV-Garazi, LAB-Ainhoa, have the word muku 'snot, mucus', which is apparently influenced by, if not borrowed from, Latin mūcum, and the native Bsq and Romance words have blended.

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