Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔEmV

Meaning: to suck

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *emV ( ~ *ami)

Uralic: *ime (Sam. forms - to *ńVmV; here rather PSam. *ǝm- 'eat')

Eskimo-Aleut: *amqǝ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'imɫǝ-

References: ОСНЯ 1, 248; ND 134 *ʡim[e] 'suck, swallow'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *emV ( ~ *ami)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to suck

Russian meaning: сосать

Turkic: *em-

Mongolian: *em-kü-

Comments: A Turko-Mongolian isogloss. One is tempted to suppose lost *p`- and to unite this root with TM *pemu-, Jpn. *pàm- (see *pĕ̀ma). This is, however, hardly possible, because both Middle Mongolian and Dagur have 0- here (while Mongor x- can easily be secondary in front of a voiceless stop). A possible solution would be a loss of *h- ( < *p`-) in Proto-Mongolian (or even Proto-Turko-Mongolian) under the influence of a phonetically close "nursery" word, *ĕ̀me 'mother, female' q. v.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *em-ig, *em-ček

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 to suck 3 nipple

Russian meaning: 1 грудь (жен.) 2 сосать 3 сосок

Old Turkic: emig 1 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ẹm- 2 (MK), ẹmig 1 (MK)

Turkish: em- 2, emǯik 1

Tatar: im- 2, imčɛk 1

Middle Turkic: ẹm- 2 (Pav. C.), emček 1 (Abush.)

Uzbek: emčak 1

Uighur: äm- 2, ämčäk 1

Sary-Yughur: emɨɣ 1

Azerbaidzhan: ämǯäk 3

Turkmen: em- 2, emǯek 1

Khakassian: em- 2, imǯek 1

Halaj: äm- 2

Chuvash: ǝʷm- 2

Yakut: em- 2, emīj 1

Dolgan: emij 1

Tuva: em- 2, emig 1

Tofalar: em- 2, emij 'udder'

Kirghiz: emček 1

Noghai: emšek 1

Bashkir: imsäk 1

Karakalpak: emšek 1

Comments: VEWT 41-2, EDT 158-9, ЭСТЯ 1, 271-272, Егоров 63, Лексика 273-274, Stachowski 45. PT *em-ig and *em-ček (the latter form is first attested in the 13th c.) are derived from *em- 'to suck'.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *em-kü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to swallow, bite, chew

Russian meaning: глотать, кусать, жевать

Written Mongolian: emkü- (L 313)

Middle Mongolian: emgu-gu / omgu-gu 3 (SH)

Khalkha: ömxö-

Buriat: ümxe-

Kalmuck: ümkǝ-

Ordos: uŋku 'bouchée'

Dagur: unku-, umku-, enku- (Тод. Даг. 140)

Monguor: uŋkwā 'bouchée' (SM 475); xaŋgu- (SM 157)

Comments: KW 457.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 150

Proto: *ime-

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to suck

German meaning: saugen

Finnish: ime- 'saugen'

Estonian: ime-

Khanty (Ostyak): em- (V DN)

Hungarian: em- (altung.) 'saugen', emlő 'Brust, Zitze'

Nenets (Yurak): ńimńe-, ŋaḿā- (O)

Nganasan (Tawgi): ńimiri-

Selkup: ńem- (Ty.)

Kamass: ńimēr-, emēr-

Addenda: Mot. нюмнiямъ 'грудь сосу' ?; Taig. nímu

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Lallwort (Rédei) - not obvious! Alongside with the forms listed in SAMDET 54 (which don't correspond to each other in regard to vocalism - see Notes in the above-mentioned record), we have also an etymological group reflecting Proto-Sam. *n'im- (and *n'im-ǝjr-) 'to suck' (see SAMDET 55), which may be related to Lapp *n'эmэ- 'to suck' (> N njâmmâ-, Not. n'imme-, Ter n'i̊mmi̊-, Kld. n'i̊mme-) and Komi Pm. n'imȧv- 'id.', thus going back to Ur. *n'im- (the Lapp-Komi parallel - without the Proto-Lapp reconstruction - is noted in UEW, and it is correctly kept apart from the Ur. stem 'to suck' having no initial *n'-). This situation is complicated by the circumstance that the North Sam. forms with *n'- (listed by me under Proto-Sam. *n'im-) may, in fact, still belong to Ur. */i/m-, the initial nasal being due to a prothesis regular for North Sam. (let's stress that it is only the North Sam. material that is characterized by such unambiguity). Note the presence of parallel forms apparently presenting two different Proto-Sam. stems - in particular, Kms. emēr- 'to suck' and n'imēr- 'id.'. In UEW, the Sam. reflexes of Ur. */i/m- and *n'im- are erroneously united under *ime-.

Yukaghir parallels: ibi 'saugen; to suck'

References: FUV; SKES; MUSz. 781; EtSz.; SzófSz.; MSzFgrE; TESz.; Collinder JukUr. 77

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *amqǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to bite

Russian meaning: кусать

Proto-Yupik: *am(ǝ)qǝ-

Proto-Inupik: *apqa-la-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 16

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *am(ǝ)qǝ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to bite 1, to bite off, to nibble lips 2

Russian Meaning: кусать 1, откусывать, прикусить губу 2

Sirenik: amqáqǝ̆sqǝ̄́χtǝʁá 1, amqǝ́χtǝ̆qǝ̄́χtǝʁá 2

Chaplino: amqǝ́χtaqā, amkɨχnakaka* 1, āmqutáqā, amqǝ́χqūtáquq, 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): amqaʁ- 'to eat berries while picking them'

Norton Sound (Peripheral): amqaʁ- 'to eat berries while picking them'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 16

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *apqa-la-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to eat quickly

Russian meaning: есть быстро, жрать

North Alaskan Inupik: apqaɫak-

Eastern Canadian Inupik: aqqala-

Greenlandic Inupik: aqqaʁ- (avqar-*) 'to be greedy, wasteful of food', aqqala- 'to eat greedily'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 16

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'imɫǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): жидкость, вода

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *m-imɫǝ, *-imɫǝ

Proto-Itelmen: *'imɫ-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *mimɫǝ, *imɫǝ(-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вода, жидкость 1, вода (в композитах) 2, разлиться, залить водой 3, появляться о вешних водах 4

Chukchee: mímǝl, mimlǝ- 1, imǝɫ-, -im(ǝ)l 2, imlǝ-r(ʔ)ú- 4

Koryak: mim(ǝ)l 1, -im(ǝ)ɫ 2, imlet- 3

Palan: mimǝl, miml-in poss. 1

Alutor: mimǝl, mimlǝ- 1, imlǝ-, imcǝ-, -im(ǝ)l 2

Comments: Сюда же чук. imǝt-luq-ɛ́t- 'клокотать' (Богораз 51). Ср. аналогично развитие *m- в словах 'вошь', 'тюлень', 'лодка', 'стpела'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *'imɫ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): пить (напиток)

Itelmen: 'imɫ- ('emɫ-) 1, imɫ-u 2

Itelmen meaning: пить чай 1, любитель пить чай 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 121

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVMV

Meaning : drink, swallow

Eurasiatic : *ʔEmV

Afroasiatic : Eg. ʕm, Ar. ʕym, ʕmm, WCh, Bj (see ND 134)

Sino-Caucasian : *HVmV

Austric : PAN *huqem 'soak', PAA *ho:m 'bathe'

Amerind (misc.) : *ama 'eat' (R 213) [+ A]; *mani (actually *ma(n)-) 'water; drink') [+ A K]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-mụ́- 'drink'.

Reference : ND 134.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔam-

Meaning: eat

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: ʕm (n) 'swallow' - Cf.

Western Chadic: *ʔVm- 'eat soft food'

East Chadic: *ʔay/wVm- 'eat (hard things)' 1, 'bite' 2

Central Cushitic (Agaw): Aungi ǝŋ-, Qemant (y)ǝŋ 'to bite' EDE I 93 after Appl

South Cushitic: *ʔam- 'chew' ?

Notes: Descriptive stem. Cf. *ham- id. (3120).

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ʕm (n)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'swallow'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ʔVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat soft food'

Pa'a: ʔmmà [CLR: 120], ṃmã[MS]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔay/wVm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'eat (hard things)' 1, 'bite' 2 ,(?)'eat soft things' 3

Somrai: wʌm 1 [CLR: 119]

Tumak: wǝm 1 [Cp]

Ndam: wúmo 1 [CLR: 119]

Tobanga (=Gabri Nord): wāmā 1 [CTC]

Dangla: ɛ́ymɛ́ 1 , ómé 2 [Ebb]

Migama: ʔáymó 1 JMig] , ʔóomò 2

Bidiya: ʔeyèm 1 , ʔom 2[JBid]

Birgit: ʔùmi 2 [CLR: 25]

Mokilko: (?)ʔóòmí 3 [Jg]

Sokoro: ɔ̀mè 2 [CLR: 25]

Notes: All the forms may originate from *ʔayVm-/*ʔawVm-. It is possible also to reconstruct two roots; *ʔayVm- 'eat hard food' and *ʔ(a)wam- 'bite, eat hard food'.

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *ʔam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chew'

Qwadza (Ngomvia): am- ?

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HVmV

Meaning: to drink

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *ʔiǝ̆mH

Burushaski: *me-n-

Basque: *e-an

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔiǝ̆mH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: drink

Chinese: 飲 *ʔǝmʔ drink.

Tibetan: skjems drink beverage.

Burmese: Achang ǝn.55 'eat'

Lushai: in to drink.

Comments: Rawang im mouthfull; Dhimal am- 'drink'; Karen *ʔam, Rawang ǝm 'eat'. Questionable for phonetic reasons is the relationship of Mikir ʒun, Naga *yoŋ 'drink'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 飲

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǐn

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔǝmʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ʔǝ́m

Western Han Chinese: ʔǝ́m

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔǝ́m

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔím

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔím

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔím

Middle Chinese: ʔím

English meaning : to drink

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пить, глотать; напиток; выпивать; выпивка; 2) скрывать, таить в себе; 3) подвергнуться, пострадать от...; 4) утопить, погрузить(ся); [yìn] поить

Comments: Also read *ʔǝmʔ-s, MC ʔìm (FQ 於禁) 'to give to drink'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 184

Four-angle index: 4810

Karlgren code: 0654 a

Jianchuan Bai: ɨ̃1

Dali Bai: ɣɨ1

Bijiang Bai: ɨ̃1

Shijing occurrences: 39.2, 39.3

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1571

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 飲

MC description : 深開三上寢影

ZIHUI: 7390 2147

Beijing: in 2

Jinan: iẽ 2

Xi'an: iẽ 2

Taiyuan: iŋ 2

Hankou: in 2

Chengdu: in 2

Yangzhou: ĩ 2

Suzhou: in 2

Wenzhou: iaŋ 21

Changsha: in 2

Shuangfeng: in 2

Nanchang: in 2

Meixian: jim 2

Guangzhou: jam 21

Xiamen: im 2 (lit.); lim 11

Chaozhou: im 21

Fuzhou: iŋ 2

Shanghai: iiŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝm 2

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *men-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: drink

Yasin: men-́

Hunza: min-́, mií-

Nagar: min-́, mií-

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=an

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eat

Bizkaian: jan, (Durango, Markina) jaan

Gipuzkoan: jan

High Navarrese: jan

Low Navarrese: jan

Salazarese: xan

Lapurdian: jan

Baztanese: jan

Aezkoan: xan

Zuberoan: jan

Roncalese: xan

Comments: Root is *-a[n]-, per Trask (EDB).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *hUʔVm

Meaning: soak, bathe

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ho:m

Austroasiatic meaning: bathe

Proto-Austronesian: *huqem

Austronesian meaning: soak

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ho:m

Meaning: bathe

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *ho:m

Proto-Bahnaric: *hV:m / SB *ʔŭm

Proto-Pearic: *hu:m.N

Proto-Monic: *ho:m

Proto-Palaungic: *haɨm

Proto-Khmu: *mu:m

Khasi: sum to bathe

References: S-254

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ho:m

Meaning: to bathe

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *ho:m

References: TK16.514

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ho:m

Meaning: to bathe

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ho:m.T da:ʔ

Pakoh meaning: to bathe; to have a baby

Taojh: hom.T V?

Taojh meaning: to bathe (PT-198)

Lao Katu: hom

Lao Katu meaning: to bathe; to give birth

Ngeq: hǝ:m V?

Ngeq meaning: to bathe

Kri: hǝ:m V?

Chatong: ho:m

Kantu dialects: ho:m

Triw: ho:m

Dakkan dialects (1): ho:m

Dakkan dialects (2): ho:m da:k

Dakkan meaning: bathe

Katu dialects (1): hâm

Katu dialects (2): hâm

Katu dialects (3): hʌm

Katu meaning: bathe

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *hV:m / *ʔŭm

Meaning: bathe

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: hu:m

Bahnar meaning: bathe

Proto-North Bahnaric: *hum.L

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʔum

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ho:m

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *h[o]:m

Harak: hu:m

References: PNB-6, SPT, JS-598, TB17.504

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *hum.L

Meaning: bathe

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: hum.L

Rengao meaning: bathe

Jeh form: hum.L

Jeh meaning: bathe

Sedang form: huam.L, hum.L

Sedang meaning: bathe

Hre form: hum.L

Hre meaning: bathe

References: PNB-6

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʔum

Meaning: bathe

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: ʔum

Chrau meaning: bathe

Stieng form: ʔom

Stieng meaning: bathe

References: SBS-653

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ho:m

Meaning: bathe (intr.)

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: ho:m

Jaru meaning: bathe (intr.)

Nhaheung form: ho:m

Nhaheung meaning: bathe (intr.)

Brao form: ho:m

Brao meaning: bathe

References: JS-598

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *h[o]:m

Meaning: bathe

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Kaseng: ho:m

Yaeh: hɔ:m

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *hV:m

Meaning: bathe

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: hu:m

Alak: hu:m

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *hu:m.N

Meaning: bathe

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: hum.A V?

Chong meaning: bathe

Song: hu:m.A

Song meaning: bathe

Kasong: hu:m.A

Kasong meaning: bathe

Samre: hu:m.A

Samre meaning: bathe

References: H-441: *hu:m

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: bathe, wash

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Arem: ʔU:mʔ

Proto-Ruc: *ʔam.3

Ruc (Russian field rec.): ʔam.3

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): ʔam.3

Ruc meaning: to bathe, wash

Thavung-So: ʔu:m.1

Thavung-So meaning: to take a bath

References: NVL157

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ho:m

Meaning: to bathe

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: hum

Old Mon: p-hu:m, p-hum, phu:m, phhum

Middle Mon: ph(u)m

Nyakur: ho:m.L

Nyakur meaning: to bathe

References: V200; S-254

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *haɨm

Meaning: to bathe

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *hɨm

Proto-Plang: *haɨm

Proto-Angku: *su(:)m

Lamet: hu:m.1 to bathe

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: to bathe

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: hɨm

Paraok meaning: to bathe

Wa: hǝm

Wa meaning: to bathe

Ava: hǝm

Lawa: haom

Lawa meaning: to bathe

Um: haum

Wa (dial.): hǝm.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: to bathe

References: D-148: *hɨm

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *haɨm

Meaning: to bathe

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: hɨm.1

Bulang meaning: to bathe

Konto: ham.B.1

Konto meaning: to bathe

Samtao (Paulsen): hǝm.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: to bathe

Samtao (Diffloth): hɨm.1

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: to bathe

References: P-294: *hàm.1

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *su(:)m

Meaning: to bathe

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: sup.55

U: sup.2

Hu: Sum.1

References: WW-573; S-119

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