Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭurV

Meaning: to turn round

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *tere- (cf. also *tor[e]kʷ-, *trēkʷ-)

Altaic: *t`i̯órk`a ?

Dravidian: *tir-[i]- (cf. also *ter-[aḷ-] 1525)

References: ND 2427 *ṭurHE 'to bore, drill', 2429 *ṭir(y)V 'turn, bend, twist', 2440 *ṭuŕi 'to turn round, surround' (with much confusion).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *tere-, *trē-, *ter(e)-d-

Meaning: to turn, to bore

Old Indian: trṇatti, pf. tatárda `to cleave, split', tardati `to injure, kill'; tárdman- n. `hole, cleft', tr̥dilá- `porous', tradá- m. `one who cleaves or opens'

Old Greek: tetrái̯nō, títrēmi, titráō, titrái̯nō, pf. med. tétrēmai̯, ft. trḗsō, trētó- `durchbohren, durchlöchern', téressen = étrōsen, etórnōse;teréō `to bore through, pierce' Eust.; téretro-n n. `Bohrer', a-téramno- `hart, unerbittlich'; ; trē̂ma n. `Loch, Öffnung, Nadelöhr, Punkt auf dem Würfel', trē̂si-s f. `das Durchbohren, Öffnung, Loch'; küklo-terḗs `made round by turning'; tóro-s m. `borer, drill, used in trying for water, etc.' Phillyl., IG; tórno-s m. `Dreheisen, Drehbank, Eisen zur Vorzeichnung eines Kreises, Zirkellinie'; Kreisbewegung'; tórmo-s m. `Zapfenloch, Radnabe, -büchse, Zapfen'; aor. étore `durchbohren'; torē̂sai̯ `stechen, ziselieren, formen', anti-torē̂sai̯ `durchboren, -dringen, eindringen in'

Baltic: *tren̂d-ē̂- (*tren̂d-)

Germanic: *ɵrē-a- vb.; *ɵrē-d-ú- c.

Latin: terebra f. `Bohrer'

Celtic: *taradro- > OIr tarathar `Bohrer'; Cymr taradr `Bohrer'

Russ. meaning: вертеть, сверлить

References: WP I 728

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *tren̂d-ē̂- (*tren̂d-)

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: trendḗti (trénda) 'faulen, von Motten oder Würmern zerfressen werden'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ɵrēan- vb.; *ɵrēdú-z

Meaning: thread; twist

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: ɵrāδ-r m. `Faden; Leine'

Norwegian: trɔd

Swedish: trɔd

Danish: trɔd

Old English: ɵrāwan `drehen, drechseln; (intr.) sich umkehren'; ɵrǟd `Draht, Faden'

English: throw; thread

Old Frisian: thrēd

Old Saxon: thrāian; thrād

Middle Dutch: draeyen; draet

Dutch: draaien; draad m.

Middle Low German: dreyen

Old High German: drāen `runden, drechseln, erhaben ausarbeiten' (8.Jh.); drāt `Faden, Schnur' (11.Jh.)

Middle High German: drǟjen, drǟgen, drǟhen, drǟn wk. intr. `sich drehend bewegen, wirbeln', tr. 'drehen, drechseln'; drāt st. m. 'draht'

German: drehen, Draht m.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 2003

Root: terd-, tred-

English meaning: to drill

German meaning: `durchbohren'

General comments: (s. auch ter- `malmendes Insekt'), Erweiterung von *ter- `reiben, durchbohren'

Material: Ai. tr̥ṇátti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), Perf. tatárda `durchbohren, spalten', tardman- n. `Loch, Öffnung', tardá- m. `ein Insekt', tr̥dilá- `löcherig, durchbohrt', tradá- `der (durch Bohren) eröffnet'; lit. tréndu, -ė́ti `von Motten, Würmern zerfressen werden', trandė̃ u. trandìs `Made, Holzwurm'; ablaut. lett. trûdi `Moder', trûdêt `verwittern, faulen'; lit. trìdė `Durchfall'; aksl. trǫdъ `Zunder' und `Art Krankheit, δυσεντερία' (vgl. oben S. 1073 lit. tríedžiu `habe Durchfall': cymr. trwyddo `bohren'), čech. trud `Zitterich am Gesicht'.

References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper Idg. Nasalpräs. 96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.

Pages: 1076

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`i̯árko

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of carriage

Russian meaning: вид повозки

Mongolian: *terge

Tungus-Manchu: *turki

Korean: *tằrkó

Comments: SKE 253.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *terge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: vehicle

Russian meaning: повозка

Written Mongolian: terge(n) (L 805)

Middle Mongolian: tergan (HY 17, SH), tirgän (MA), terge(n)

Khalkha: terge

Buriat: terge(n)

Kalmuck: tergṇ

Ordos: terge(n)

Dongxian: čiege

Dagur: terge, tereg (Тод. Даг. 167), terehe (MD 224)

Shary-Yoghur: tergen

Monguor: tērge (SM 417), tǝrge

Comments: KW 393, MGCD 634. Mong. > Uygh. tergän etc. (see Лексика 534); Evk. terge etc., see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 176, 207.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *turki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: sleigh, narta

Russian meaning: нарта

Evenki: turku

Even: tụrqị

Ulcha: tụčị

Orok: tụtčị

Nanai: tokị

Oroch: tukki

Udighe: tuxi

Comments: ТМС 2, 220. Evk. > Dolg. turku (Stachowski 232).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tằrkó

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: light carriage

Russian meaning: легкая повозка

Modern Korean: talguǯi

Middle Korean: tằrkóčí

Comments: Nam 140, KED 402.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *tir-[i]-

Meaning : to turn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *tir-i-

Proto-Telugu : *tir-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tir-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tir[i]-

Proto-North Dravidian : *tīr-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *tir-i-

Meaning : to turn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : tiri (-v-, -nt-)

Tamil meaning : to turn, revolve, be twisted, convolved, wander about, move, return, change, vary, change in quality, become sour as milk

Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to turn (tr.), cause to revolve as a wheel, twist as yarn or rope, cause to return, change, alter, vary, translate; n. twisting, turning, roll or twist of cloth or thread for a wick, torch of twisted cloth; tirikai roaming, wandering, potter's wheel; tiripu change, alternation; tiriya again; tirivu change, alternation, variation, motion, ruin; tiruku (tiruki-) to twist, turn, wring, braid as hair; n. twist, wrench, bend, curve, thread of a screw, screw, swivel, crookedness of mind, prevarication; tirukku (tirukki-) to twist; n. a twist, bend, curve, crookedness of mind; tirumpu (tirumpi-) to turn, turn back, be changed, etc.; tiruppu (tiruppi-) to cause to return, send back, turn, deflect, twist, etc.; n. a turn; tiruppam turning, averting; tiruppi screw-driver; tirumu (tirumi-) to turn, return, rub hard; ? (PN) terumaru to roam about; ? (Koll.) tilupp- to turn (tr.); tilump- to be turned

Malayalam : tiri

Malayalam meaning : a turn, twist, wick

Malayalam derivates : tiriyuka to turn round, swing, turn, return, change (as wind); tirivu turning, returning, change, a turn, shift, quirk; tiriyē, tirikē again, back; tirikka to turn round, turn the course, change, alter, return; tiriccal turning, returning, change; tirippu turning, change; tirukuka to turn in as women their hair, screw in, twist, wind thread; tirukkal plaiting the hair; tirukku hem, border; tirukkuka to roll up clothes, tuck in; tirumpuka to turn round, wrest, squeeze, rub between the hands; tirippuka to wring, rub between the hands

Kannada : tiri

Kannada meaning : to turn round, wander, roam about, wander about in quest of alms, beg alms; n. turning, a turn, twist

Kannada derivates : tirike wandering about in quest of alms; tirigu, tiragu, tirugu to go round, turn, turn round, whirl, roll, turn or go back, change a shift as the wind, wander, roam about; tirigisu, tiragisu to make go or come round, turn, twist; tirigi again; tiricu to twist as a string, wring (the neck); tirupu, tiripu, tirihu, tiravu, tirivu, tirumpu to cause to go round or move about, turn; tiruguvike turning; tiruguha returning, restitution; tirupu that turns, a screw, a changing, transitory feeling or state; tiruvu to turn as the head, a key, screw, etc.; n. going around, turning; tiruhu to turn round; n. act of turning; tiragaṇi, tiragaṇe, tirugaṇi, tirugaṇe, tiruguṇi turning, that which turns, a wheel for raising water, windlass, roller; tirapa, etc., wandering for alms, alms

Kodagu : tir- (tiri-)

Kodagu meaning : to turn round (intr.)

Kodagu derivates : tiri a wick; tirɨg- (tirɨgi-) to go about, wander; tirɨk- (tirɨki-) to turn (tr.); tirɨgaṇi pulley; teraŋg- (teraŋgi-) (thing) moves, shifts, (man) shifts in his seat, (child) wriggles along on buttocks; terak- (teraki-) to shift (tr.) without lifting; tere- (terev-, terand-) to thresh about on ground (several men fighting, man in fit or possession by god, etc.); tera- (-p-, -t-) to make to thresh about on ground by holding him

Tulu : tirŋguni

Tulu meaning : to turn, revert, revolve, whirl, turn back, shift as the wind, move, wander, travel about

Tulu derivates : tirŋgāvuni to turn (tr.), whirl, make return, change, convert, gain over; tirŋgaṇè, tirgaṇè a pivot, hinge, swivel, screw; tirŋgamurŋga topsy-turvy, pell-mell; tirŋgāṭa excursion, walk, roaming, turning, change; tiri, siri wick of a lamp; tirupa, tirupè alms, charity; tirpu swivel; tirpuni to twirl round; tirduni to turn (intr.); tippili, (B-K also) tirpuḷi a kind of boring instrument; tereḍuni to roll down

Proto-Nilgiri : *tir-ĭ-

Number in DED : 3246

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *tir-ĭ-

Meaning : to change, turn

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : tiry- (tirc-) "to change in nature for the worse (intr.)"

Toda : tɨry- (tɨrc-) "to twist (tr.)"

Additional forms : Also Kota tirc- (tirc-) to cause (calf) to change its smell so that another mother will suckle it; tirg- (tirgy-) to turn (intr.), return; tirk- (tirky-) to turn (tr.), utter a sound; tirk act of going and returning; branch of a path; tirgan wheel; Toda tɨrc- (tɨrč-) to translate; tɨry again; tɨrx- (tɨrxy-) to turn (intr.); tɨrk- (tɨrky-) id. (tr.); tɨrk turn in road; a time, turn; tɨrb- (tɨrby-) to twist (tr.; cane, bamboo); tɨrp- (tɨrpy-) to turn (key)

Number in DED : 3246

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *tir-

Meaning : a twist, turn, braid of hair

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : tiri

Additional forms : Also tirika a twist or turn; tiripamu begging alms; tiripari beggar; tiripemu begging, alms; tiriyu to beg, ask alms, live by alms; [1] tirigi, [2] tiruga again; tirugã-baḍu to rebel, revolt, turn back or round, change, alter; [1] tirugali, [2] tirugalli a mill, handmill, gristmill; tirugu to roam, rove, wander, ramble, move about, turn, take a new direction, turn back, turn round, change, alter; n. a turn, change of direction, turning back, reversal, retraction, revocation; tiruguḍu turning, a turn, a screw, latch, catch; tirugudala a turning back; tir_i a twist of anything flexible; trikku a twist or turn; trippaṭa wandering; trippari a wanderer, rambler; trippu to turn, change the direction of; n. a turn; tipiri a turning, change; misfortune, ill-luck; trimmaṭa wandering; trimmaṭakā̃ḍu wanderer, rambler, rover, vagabond; trimmaru to wander, rove, ramble

Number in DED : 3246

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *tir-

Meaning : to turn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : tirg- (tirikt-) "to turn (intr.), wander"

Naikri : tirg- "to turn (intr.)"

Parji : tirk- "to writhe"

Additional forms : Also Kolami tirgip- (tirgipt-) to make to go round and round, twist; tirgal mortar, pestle; tip- (tipt-) to turn (tr.), make to go round; Naikri tipp- to turn (tr.)

Number in DED : 3246

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *tir[i]-

Meaning : to turn, twist

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *tir-

Konda : tiri- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *trī-mb-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tir- (-e-)

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *tir-

Meaning : to revolve, turn over

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : tirītānā "to revolve, turn round, of bullocks in an oil-mill or threshing; wander, make a detour"

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : tiṛitānā "to wander"

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : tiritānā "to turn over (in sleep)"

Maria Gondi : tiri- "to revolve"

Seoni Gondi : tiri- "to wind round, revolve"

Yeotmal Gondi : tiri- "to revolve"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : tirhānā "to revolve (tr.)"

Chindwara Gondi : tiri- "to revolve"

Adilabad Gondi : tiri- "to revolve"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Tr caus. tiruhtānā to make to revolve; tirīstānā to make to wander; Gondi_W tirahtānā to turn (tr.); Gondi_Ph caus. tirahtānā, tirisahtānā to cause to turn over; Gondi_S tirah-/tirh- to make to revolve

Number in DED : 3246

Number in CVOTGD : 1726

Konda etymology :

Konda : tiri- (-t-)

Meaning: to be twisted, twined (as thread)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda tiris- (-t-) to twist, twine; tirvi- (-t-) to return, turn back, come round; tirp- (-t-) to turn round (tr.), take round

Number in DED : 3246

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *trī-mb-

Meaning : to go round, revolve

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Manda : trīmba-

Number in DED : 3246

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tir- (-e-)

Meaning : to turn

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : tihpa (tiht-) "to turn about, turn back, change round, alter, repent; n. act of turning about or back, repentance"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : tipali "to turn round"

Kuwi (Schulze) : tirwikīnai

Sunkarametta Kuwi : triv- (-it-) "to spin, revolve"

Kuwi (Israel) : rēvu "path (animal)"

Additional forms : Also Kui trehpa (treht-) to cause to wander, carry about, hawk for sale; trespa (trest-) to carry around; trēba (trēt-) to wander around, go for a walk; terpa (tert-) to twist, wind, wrap around; ? tija (tiji-) to turn back, return, retreat; n. act of turning back, etc.; Kuwi_F tiṛvali to turn oneself round; tṛīcali to twist; tēṛmbali to wallow; rejali to wander, roam; Kuwi_S termpinai to roll; treph'nai to involve, lap; rēnai to ramble, stroll; Kuwi_Su re'- (recc-) to wander, roam; Kuwi_Isr rēh- (-t-) to go about selling

Notes : All these numerous forms are descended from a single root *tir-, and although some of the derivatives can be traced to an even earlier period than PK (probably even PDR), it is still convenient to regard them as derivatives even in the limits of PK. Kuwi_F tipali is strange (*tirhali would be expected). It is either a borrowing from Telugu or else the form is extremely archaic, inherited from the period when *-rp- > *-pp-. In this case the comparison Kuwi_F tipali - Kui tihpa (possibly from <*tī-pa) is justified. As for other lexemes, the form *ter-v-/*tir-v- is archaic (we have, for example, Konda tirvi- 'to return'). Both the simple form (*tri-v-) and its causative (*tir-p- < *tri-v-p-) can be reconstructed for PK. Kui trehpa probably goes back not to *trespa, but to *trēpa, being thus a causative of *triva. The loss of initial *t- in several Kuwi forms is not clear (due to contamination with *re- 'to pull'?).

Number in DED : 3246

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *tīr-

Meaning : to turn on one's heels over a few grains of scalded paddy to see if it has become sufficiently dry to husk, make pirouettes

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : tīrnā

Number in DED : 3246

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVRV

Meaning : to turn round

Eurasiatic : *ṭurV

Afroasiatic : *tuwur- (also *ṭVwr-)

Sino-Caucasian : ? NC *tīrungV 'spindle'

Austric : PAN *putǝ[ḷ] (Peiros 1989, 129)

Reference : ND 2440; GE 25 *tur (+ NS).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tuwur-

Meaning: turn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *tVwVr- 'turn'

Egyptian: tr 'time' (pyr)

Western Chadic: *tir- 'go round , in circles' 1, ''round' 2

Central Chadic: *tar- '(make) turn' 1, 'turning' 2

East Chadic: *tarir- 'turning around; giddiness'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1503

Proto-Semitic: *tVwVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'turn'

Akkadian: târu

Arabic: twr [-u-]

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: tr

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'time'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go round , in circles' 1, ''round' 2

Kifri=Giwo: tir- 1 [St]

Kwami: tiri 2 [Lg]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *tar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: '(make) turn' 1, 'turning' 2

Mofu-Gudur: -tátár- 1 [BMof]

Gude: tàrí 2 [Hs]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *tarir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'turning around; giddiness'

Mokilko: tā̀rī́rì [JMkk]

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