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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 849
Root: kars-
English meaning: to scratch, rub
German meaning: `kratzen, striegeln, krämpeln'
Material: Ai. kaṣati `reibt, schabt, kratzt' (mind. aus *kr̥ṣati), unklar kaṣāya- `herb, bitter, scharf' usw. (auch kuṣṭha- n. `Aussatz', mind. aus *kr̥ṣṭha-?); lat. carrō, ere `(Wolle) krämpeln', carduus `Distel' (auf Grund von *carridus `kratzend');
lit. karšiù, kar̃šti `kämmen, striegeln, krämpeln', lett. kā̀ršu, kā̀rst `Wolle kämmen';
abg. krasta (*kor-stā), russ. korósta f., skr. krȁsta `Krätze, Grind';
mnd. harst `Rechen, Harke', wahrscheinlich auch mnd. nhd. harsch `hart, rauh', nhd. verharschen `Schorf bilden, bei Wunden', mdartl. harsch `Schneekruste', mhd. harsten, verharsten `rauh, hart werden'; mit germ. Ablautneubildung und anlaut. s- von der Wurzelsker- hierher auch andd. ofskerran starkes Verb `abkratzen', ahd. scerran, mhd. scherren starkes Verb `kratzen, schaben', Intensivbildung *skarzōn in norw. skarra `einen scharrenden Laut hervorbringen', mnd. mhd. scharren `kratzen, scharren', schwed. skorra, mnd. schurren `einen scharrenden Laut geben'.
Der Wurzelvokal ist a; der Intonationsunterschied zw. Lit. und Slav. bleibt noch zu erklären.
References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.
Pages: 532-533
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *(s)kars-
Meaning: to scrape, to scratch
Old Indian: kaṣati `to rub, scratch, scrape', kaṣāya- `astringent'
Latin: carrō (Gl. carriō), -ere `(Wolle) krämpeln', carmen `eiserner Wollkamm'; ? carduus, -ī m. `Distel; wilde Artischoke'
Russ. meaning: скрести, чесать(ся)
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: коро́ста
Near etymology: I. "струпья", коро́стовая лягу́шка "жаба", укр. коро́ста, "чесотка" коро́ставка "жаба", ст.-слав. краста ψώρα (Еuсh Sin.), болг. кра́ста, сербохорв. кра̏ста "короста", словен. krástа "чесотка", др.-чеш. krásta, польск. krosta "оспинка, оспа".
Further etymology: Родственно лит. karšiù, karšiaũ, kar̃šti "расчесывать, чесать (шерсть, лен)", лтш. kā̀rst, -šu, -su -- то же, др.-инд. káṣati "скребет, царапает", лат. саrrеrе, саrrō "царапать, чесать (шерсть)", нов.-в.-н. harsch "шершавый, жесткий", ср.-нж.-нем. harst "грабли"; см. Фортунатов, ВВ 6, 219; Бернекер 1, 575; М.--Э. 2, 198 и сл.; Траутман, ВSW 118 и сл.; Цупица, GG 110; Торп 80. По знач. ср. нов.-в.-н. Krätzе "чесотка": kratzen "чесать", русск. чесо́тка.
Pages: 2,335
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *kar̃š- vb. tr.
Meaning: comb, card
Lithuanian: kar̃šti (-ia) `(Wolle) krämpeln, (Flachs) hecheln, riffeln, (ein Pferd) striegeln
Lettish: kā̀rst (-šu, -su) 'kämmeln, tocken; abquälen', kā̀rstiês 'sich aufdrängen'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xarska-, *xarstia-; *skirzán- vb., *skarzṓn- vb., *skurzṓn- vb.; *skurstī
Meaning: rough
Old Norse: herst-r `wild, böse, bitter'
Norwegian: skarra `einen scharrenden Laut hervorbringen'
Swedish: härsk `ranzig'; skorra `einen scharrenden Laut geben'
Danish: harsk `ranzig'
English: [ harsh < NG ]
Old Frisian: herstia `bitter auftreten'
Old Saxon: of-skerran `krabben etc.'
Middle Dutch: scarren, scerren `krabben, afkrabben, wroeten, een knarsend geluid maken'
Dutch: scharrelen; dial. scharren `krabben; schuifelen, knarsen'
Middle Low German: harst `Harke'; harsch `hart, rauh'; scharren `kratzen, scharren'; schurren `einen scharrenden Laut geben'; schurren `einen dumpf kratzenden Ton hervorbringen'
Old High German: hursti `cristas'; skerran `(ab)kratzen' (9.Jh.)
Middle High German: hurst st. f., hürste wk. f.? 'gesträuch, hecke, dickicht'; geharsten wk. 'harsch werden', verharsten wk. 'ganz hart werden, erstarren'; scherren st. 'scharren, (ab)kratzen; graben'; scharren wk. 'kratzen, scharren'
German: scharren, (älter) scherren `schaben, kratzen'; schurren; [ harsch < LG ]; dial. odb. Harsch `gefrorener Schnee, Schneekruste'; harschen `hart, krustig werden (vom Schnee)', verharschen `verkrusten'
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳaŕV
Meaning: to scrape
References: ND 933 *ka[ry]V 'to dig' (part of Alt. + part of Drav. + Ural. + Sem.). nostret-meaning,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`aŕa ( ~ -u, -i)
Meaning: to scrape, grind, bite
Russian meaning: скрести, молоть, кусать
Comments: EAS 46, 111, KW 169, Цинциус 1984, 87. Cf. Old Koguryo *kaš 'plough' (thus in Miller 1979, 13; Lee has *kal; the isolated Manchu χalχan 'ploughshare' may be < Kor.). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kaŕ-
Meaning: 1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane
Russian meaning: 1 копать 2 скрести, царапать 3 рубанок
Old Turkic: qaz- (OUygh.) 1
Karakhanid: qaz- (KB), qazɨ- (MK) 1 Turkish: kaz- 1,2, kazɨ- 2, kazaɣɨ 3
Tatar: qazɨ- 1
Uzbek: qaz- 1, qazi- 1
Uighur: qaz- 1
Azerbaidzhan: Gaz- 1,2, Gazɨ- 1,2
Turkmen: Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2
Khakassian: dial. xas- 1
Shor: qas- 1
Oyrat: qas- 1
Chuvash: xɨr- 2
Yakut: xas- 1,2
Dolgan: kas- 1
Tuva: qas- 1
Kirghiz: qaz- 1
Kazakh: qaz- 1
Noghai: qazɨ- 1
Bashkir: qaδɨ- 1
Gagauz: qaz- 1
Karakalpak: qaz- 1
Kumyk: qaz- 1
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *karu-, *kar-ma-
Meaning: to rasp, plane; to rake up
Russian meaning: скрести, строгать; сгребать
Written Mongolian: qaru-, qar-ma- (L 940) Khalkha: xara-
Buriat: xarxa 'mole'
Kalmuck: xar-
Ordos: xaru-, xarūl 'plane'
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xar-kü-
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to sting
Russian meaning: 1 кусать 2 колоть, жалить
Evenki: arki- 2
Even: arqъ̣- 2
Negidal: ajkị- 2
Ulcha: χačo- 1, 2
Orok: χātụ-la- 2
Nanai: χajqo- 1, 2
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kār-
Meaning: to plough; to grind, plane
Russian meaning: пахать; скрести, растирать
Modern Korean: kal-
Middle Korean: kār-
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 434
Proto: *kara
English meaning: to dig
German meaning: graben
Mordovian: kara- (E M) 'grabeln; ковырять, копать, делать отверстие' ?
Mari (Cheremis): kare- (KB), kore- (U) 'Rinnen auskehlen, furchen', kore- (B) 'schneiden', karem (KB) 'Schlucht, Tal', korem (U) 'kleiner Fluß', (B) 'Schlucht, Graben' ?
Udmurt (Votyak): (same as in *kurV)
Komi (Zyrian): (same as in *kurV)
Khanty (Ostyak): (same as in *kurV)
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ḳar- / ḳr-
Russian meaning: удаpять, бить
English meaning: to hit, beat
Georgian: ḳar- / ḳr-
Georgian meaning (Rus.): удаpять, бить
Georgian meaning (Engl.): to hit, beat
Laz: ḳor- / ḳir-
Notes and references: Кл, EWK 185. Ср. алт. *k`aŕV 'копать, долбить', ПИЕ *kerǝ- 'помешивать'.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-grmean,kartet-egrmean,kartet-laz,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kār-
Meaning : to gnaw
Proto-South Dravidian: *kār- Proto-North Dravidian : *qār- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kār-
Meaning : to gnaw, bite
Malayalam : kāruka
Malayalam meaning : to gnaw, bite by degrees
Malayalam derivates : kāri woodpecker; karaḷuka to gnaw, pick, nibble, bore
Kannada : kār
Kannada meaning : to bite, eat
Tulu : karapu
Tulu meaning : (B-K.) to gnaw with the teeth, as rats or squirrels do with a fruit
Number in DED : 1474
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kār-
Meaning : to gnaw
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kār-/*kark-
Meaning : to graze, gnaw
Kui : kāra giva "to graze (of animals)"
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kārali "to gnaw"
Sunkarametta Kuwi : kark- (-it-) "to gnaw"
Tekriya Kuwi : kār- (-it-) "to nibble"
Kuwi (Israel) : kar- (-it-) "to chew meat (e.g. from the bone)"
Additional forms : Also Kui kāra bāra giva to graze, peck up food; Kuwi_F karali to nibble; Kuwi_Isr kark- (-it-) to gnaw
Notes : The forms with -k- are probably of plural action. However, of the two variants - kar- and kār- - we cannot clearly define the original. The most probable solution is that *kār-k- > *kark-, while *kār- > *kar- in some dialects by analogy.
Number in DED : 1474
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-kuwi_t,kuiet-kuwi_isr,kuiet-addition,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *qār-
Meaning : to gnaw, bite
Kurukh : xārnā "to gnaw or nibble at, eat"
Malto : qāre "to bite off"
Number in DED : 1474
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