Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 123

Root: at-

English meaning: to go; year

German meaning: `gehen, Jahr'

Material: Ai. átati `geht, wandert'. Hierzu lat. annus `Jahr' aus *atnos = got. Dat. Pl. aþnam `Jahr'. Vgl. Fick I<sup>2</sup> 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (Bedeutungsentwicklung wie bei germ. *jēram `Jahr' zu i̯ē- `gehen').

    Osk.-umbr. entspricht akno- `Jahr, Festzeit, Opferzeit' (mit -tn- zu -kn-, Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Erhalten ist das Wort in den Kompositis lat. perennis `das ganze Jahr dauernd; beständig', sollennis `alljährlich wiederkehrend oder gefeiert, feierlich; üblich' (Nebenform sollemnis sicherlich analogisch entstanden; Thurneysen AflL. 13, 23 ff., nach omnis?); umbr. sev-acni-, per-acni- `sollennis', Subst. `hostia'.

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.

Pages: 69

PIE database: PIE database

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *atn-o-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: year

Germanic: *áɵn-a- n.~m.

Latin: annus, -ī `Jahr'

Russ. meaning: год

References: WP I 41

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *áɵna-

Meaning: year

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *aɵn ( ~ *aɵn-s) (a) `year', *aɵ-aɵni `year'

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *jVrV

Meaning: to curse, be angry

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ares- <PIH *a->

Altaic: *ī́ru

Uralic: *jerV

Dravidian: SDr *īr_- 'anger, grief, fury'

References: ND 2643 *yerV 'misfortune, to curse, be angry' (Ur.-Drav., incorr. Alt. + Arab. ?).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ī́ru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be ashamed, shy, hostile

Russian meaning: стыдиться, быть робким, настороженным

Turkic: *īr-

Mongolian: *(h)ir-ba-

Tungus-Manchu: *ire(n)te-

Korean: *ɨrɨ-

Japanese: *útúa-

Comments: One of many common Altaic verbs of emotion. Correspondences are quite regular, and the etymology seems reliable.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *īr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shame, be ashamed, frighten away

Russian meaning: стыд, стыдиться, отпугивать

Karakhanid: ir-, iril- (MK)

Turkmen: īr-

Khakassian: irǝk- 'to languish, be bored'

Chuvash: jǝrǝn-

Yakut: īr- 'to rave, become crazy'

Comments: EDT 192, VEWT 173, (incorrect in) Егоров 80.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *(h)ir-ba-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: discontent, cranky

Russian meaning: недовольный, раздраженный

Written Mongolian: irba- / jarba-, (L 413) irbaɣana-

Khalkha: jarva-

Buriat: irba-

Kalmuck: jarw- (КРС 710)

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ire(n)te-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be ashamed

Russian meaning: стыдиться

Spoken Manchu: irǝtǝ- 'to be bashful, to feel shy' (1969)

Literary Manchu: jerte-

Nanai: irente-

Comments: ТМС 1, 329.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *ɨrɨ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to scare, threaten, menace

Russian meaning: угрожать, пугать

Modern Korean: ɨrɨ-

Comments: KED 1285.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *útúa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: alienated, discontent

Russian meaning: отчужденный, недовольный

Old Japanese: utwo-

Middle Japanese: útwó-

Tokyo: utó-

Kyoto: útò-

Kagoshima: úto-

Comments: JLTT 844. The Tokyo accent is irregular; otherwise all evidence points to *útúa-. Cf. also *útuá(m)p- 'to shun, neglect', MJ utoma-si 'unpleasant, offensive'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 184

Proto: *jerV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: damn; to swear, curse

German meaning: Fluch; (ver)fluchen, schimpfen

Udmurt (Votyak): juriśk- (S) 'schelten, fluchen, rügen', ju̇rị̑śkị̑-, ju̇riśkị̑- (G) 'verfluchen, verwünschen'

Komi (Zyrian): jor-ki̮v (V) 'Fluch, Schwur', jor- (S), jord- (P) 'verfluchen, verwünschen, beschwören', ju^.r- (PO) 'клясть'

Mansi (Vogul): jēr- (TJ KU P So.) 'fluchen, verwünschen, beschwören, schimpfen'

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRV

Meaning : angry

Eurasiatic : *jVrV

Afroasiatic : *ʔawar-

Amerind (misc.) : *iri 'angry' (R 11) [ + A ]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔawar-

Meaning: curse, insult

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔur- 'curse'

Egyptian: wꜣr 'curse' (XXII)

Western Chadic: *ʔar- < *ʔwar- 'insult, scold'

Central Chadic: *ʔir- 'insult'

East Chadic: *war- 'insult'

Low East Cushitic: *ʔor- 'threaten'

High East Cushitic: *ʔar- 'be angry, be annoyed'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 961

Proto-Semitic: *ʔur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'curse'

Akkadian: arāru

Hebrew: ʔrr

Soqotri: ʔerer

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: wꜣr (22)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'curse (v.)'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ʔar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'insult' 1, 'malicious conduct' 2

Warji: ā́r- 1 [SkNb]

Kariya: ār-1 [SkNb]

Ngizim: árũ 2 [ShN]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ʔir-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'insult'

Zime-Batna: ʔír [Sa]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *war-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'insult'

Dangla: wàrè [Fd]

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʔor-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'threaten'

Oromo (Galla): oriʔa

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *ʔar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be angry, be annoyed'

Sidamo: aar-

Darasa (Gedeo): aar-

Burji (Bambala, Dashe): aar-

Notes: Vocalism of a stative

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