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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *ghAubh-, *ghūbh-
Meaning: to bend
Russ. meaning: гнуть(cя)
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: гнуть,
Near etymology: гну, укр. гну́ти, блр. гнуць, ст.-слав. гънѫти, др.-русск. гъноути, гъбноути, болг. гъ́на "складываю, свертываю", сербохорв. на̀гнути, на̏гне̑м "наклонить", словен. gániti, gánem "двигаю, шевелю", чеш. hnouti, hnu, польск. gnę "гну", в.-луж. hnuć, н.-луж. gnuś. Сюда же др.-русск., ст.-слав. гъбежь "изгиб", гыбати, итер. "гнуть".
Further etymology: Родственно лит. dvìgubas, trìgubas "двойной, тройной", gubá "копна хлеба", sugaubti "собрать хлеб", лтш. gubstu, gubt "кривиться, гнуться", англос. géap "кривой", д.-в.-н. goufana "пригоршня"; см. Бернекер 1, 366 и сл.; Траутман, BSW 100; Apr. Sprd. 344, М. -- Э. 1, 674. Поднятый Педерсеном (Mat. i Pr. 1, 170) вопрос о родстве с др.-исл. bjúga, нов.-в.-н. biegen "гнуть", др.-инд. bhujáti, греч. πτύσσω "складываю", πτυχή "складка" не является решенным; см. Уленбек, РВВ 30, 266 и сл., но также Мейе, IF 5, 333.
Pages: 1,422-423
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Baltic etymology :
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Proto-Baltic: *gaũb- vb. tr., *gub-ul-a- c., *gub-ur-a- c., *gub-ā̂ f., *gū̂b-ā̂ (1) f., *gū̂b-ā̂- (1) vb., *=gub-a- adj.
Meaning: bend, wrap up, crooked obj.
Lithuanian: gaũbti `überdecken, umhüllen, einmummen, wölben', gùbula-s 'Knäuel, Ballen', gùbura-s 'Erdhaufen, Erd-, Grabhügel, Bergrücken'; { gubà `Heuhaufen, Schober, Haufen aufrecht stehender Garben' }; dvì-guba- 'zwiefach, doppelt', trì-guba- 'dreifach'
Lettish: gubt (gùbu/gubstu, gubu) `einsinken, sich senken, sich niederbücken, zusammenfallen'; guba `Haufe'; gũbât (-ãju), gūbuôt intr. 'gebückt gehen', tr. 'erbergen, verstecken', gũba 'Gebückter, Ungeschickter'
Old Prussian: dwigubbus 'doppelt', dwigubbū 'zweifelt'
baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,baltet-oprus,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *gū[b]a-, *gū[b]Vn- vb.
Meaning: settle, sink
Norwegian: dial. gūva `zusammengesunken sitzen', gūv `untersetzt, zusammengesunken, gebeugt'
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-norw,
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Pokorny's dictionary :
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Number: 674
Root: gheub(h)-
English meaning: to bend, move
German meaning: `biegen, bücken, bewegen'
Material: Norw. dial. gūva `zusammengesunken sitzen', schwed. jordgubbe `Gartenerdbeere', alt. dän. gubbe `Kehlkopf, Brust', ndd. (Estland) gubbe `kleiner Heuhaufen'; ags. géap `krumm, listig' (aber géap `weit, geräumig, offen', aisl. gaupn `hohle Hand' s. unter ĝhēu- `gähnen, klaffen'), aisl. gumpr (aus aschwed. gumper), schwed. gump, dän. gump `Steiß', mhd. guffe, goffe ds. (aber über mhd. gupf `Spitze eines Berges' s. unter geu- `biegen'), ags. gupan Pl. `clunes, cloxae', ahd. goffa `Steiß', weiter dazu die Intensivbildung isl. goppa, schwed. guppa, nhd. gupfen `auf undnieder hüpfen, schaukeln'; lett. gubstu, gubt `sich bücken, einsinken', guba f. `Haufe', lit. gubúotis `sich verflechten', gaubiù, gaũbti `überdecken, umhüllen, wölben', gaũbtis `sich krümmen', gubà `Heuhaufen, Haufen stehender Garben', gubùs `geschickt, gewandt, kundig' (vgl. die Bedeutung von ags. géap), lit. dvìgubas `zwiefach', apr. Gen. Sg. f. dvigubbus ds.;
aksl. gъnǫti `falten', russ. gnutь `biegen, krümmen', klruss. hnúty ds., skr. nȁgnêm, nàgnuti `neigen', sloven. gánem, gániti `bewegen, rühren', čech. hnouti ds., dazu aksl. negъbljь `unbewegt' (aus *gubja-), russ. ksl. gъbežь `Biegung', čech. příheb m. `Biegestelle, Gelenk' (aus -gъbъ, vgl. lit. -gubas) und ablautend aksl. sugubъ, dvogubъ `doppelt', russ. gubá `Bucht', sloven. gúba `Falte', poln. przegub `Gelenk, Krümmung'; Iterativ aksl. gybljǫ gybati `zugrunde gehen', prěgybajǫ, prěgybati `beugen', russ. gíbnutь, gínutь `verderben, umkommen', gibátь `biegen', skr. gîbljêm (gi̇bâm) gíbati `bewegen, wiegen', čech. hynouti `zugrunde gehen, verkommen', hýbati `bewegen, treiben'; Kausativ aksl. pogubljǫ pogubiti `zugrunde richten', russ. gubítь `verderben', skr. gùbîm, gùbiti ds., čech. hubiti `verderben, vertilgen', poln. gubię, gubić `verlieren, verderben', aksl. paguba `Verderben'.
References: WP. I 567 f., Trautmann 100 f.
Pages: 450
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *güpA
Meaning: to bend
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *kawra-
Comments: Niv. kevr- 'изгибаться'; kevz- 'кудри'
References: More than one root. МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 236-237; ND 587 *gub/pE 'heap, hump' (Drav., Mong., IE), 588 *gaʔbV 'thick, dense, large' (Turk. + SH), 589 *gü[ʔ]bV 'to bend' (same IE + Kartv. + Kor. + SH), 593 *g[U]bʕV 'hill, mountain'; 1111 *ḳupE (~ *ḳüpV) 'to bend, elbow'; 1121 *ḲuP_VŕV 'hump'. And cf. also *ḳuṗV 'heap'. nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-drav,nostret-chuk,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`ep`orV
Meaning: curved bone
Russian meaning: кривая кость
Comments: Turk. forms may be < Mong. Note that the TM forms have nothing to do with Mong. ebčeɣün 'breast bone', despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 65. The word probably had the original meaning 'rib', preserved in Western languages; the Korean and Japanese forms cannot be kept apart, but they deserve special comment: in both languages the root was naturally influenced by the reflexes of *kŏp`é 'bend' (q. v.); the Japanese form is also aberrant accentologically, shows rather *-m- than *-p- - and may in fact be a merger of the present root with PA *k`i̯ome 'marrow'. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *KApur-
Meaning: rib
Russian meaning: ребро
Turkish: kabur (dial.) 'a piece of tin or leather for fixing cracks'
Uzbek: qɛbɨz (dial.) 'armpit'
Turkmen: GapɨrGa
Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 275-276. Щербак (1997, 207) regards the word as a Mong. loanword, which is hardly the case (although numerous forms like Chag. qaburɣa etc. may indeed have a Mong. origin, see TMN 1, 392). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-trk,turcet-uzb,turcet-trm,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kabir-
Meaning: rib
Russian meaning: ребро
Written Mongolian: qabirɣa(n), qabisu(n) (L 898) Middle Mongolian: qabusun 'chest' (HY 47), gerün xabusun 'veranda, porch' (HY 16), qabirxa (HY 47), qabirqa (SH), qabirɣă (MA) Khalkha: xavirga, xavis
Buriat: xabirga, xabha(n)
Kalmuck: xäwṛɣǝ, xawsṇ
Ordos: xawirGa 'edge, bank, flank'
Dongxian: qaruGa (MGCD qaruɣa) Baoan: χalGǝ
Dagur: xabirga (Тод. Даг. 172), haberihe (MD 154), xabirǝg Shary-Yoghur: χarʁuo
Monguor: xawuʒǝ (SM 166), (MGCD xairʒǝ) Mogol: qoburɣa; ZM qaborɣa (3-2b) 'side, flank' monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xebti-
Meaning: rib
Russian meaning: ребро
Evenki: ewtilē
Even: ewutle
Negidal: ewtile
Spoken Manchu: efǝči (84)
Literary Manchu: ebči
Ulcha: xeuntile, xeuptile
Orok: xewčile
Nanai: xeučile
Oroch: eutile, eutule
Udighe: euntile
Solon: ȫtelē
Comments: ТМС 2, 435. Should be distinguished from *xebte 'lung'. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ
Meaning: elbow
Russian meaning: локоть
Modern Korean: phal-k:up
Middle Korean: phằr-kùpɨ̀rǝ̀ŋ
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀m(p)ùrá (~-ua-)
Meaning: calf (of leg)
Russian meaning: икра (ноги)
Middle Japanese: kòmùrá, kobura
Tokyo: kòmura, kómura
Kyoto: kómùrà
Kagoshima: komúra
Comments: JLTT 456. Tonal correspondences are not quite clear. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *gib-
Russian meaning: вывихнуть
English meaning: to twist
Svan: gib-
Notes and references: Иллич-Свитыч (ОСНЯ 1, 236-237) сравнивает с ПИЕ *gheub- 'сгибать(ся), кривой' < ностр. *güpA 'гнуть(ся)' (алт. материал, повидимому, недостоверен; возможно, следует привлекать алт. *k`epu-ŕV 'кривой, кривая кость').
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kaP-
Meaning : to bend, turn over
Proto-South Dravidian: *kav- Proto-North Dravidian : *kab- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-gnd,dravet-ndr,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kav-
Meaning : to overturn
Tamil : kaviẓ (-v-, -nt-)
Tamil meaning : to be capsized, turned bottom upwards, bow one's head from modesty, shame, or confusion, stoop, bend down, be overthrown
Tamil derivates : (-pp-, -tt-) to turn over, capsize, overthrow, destroy, put a cover on; (Tinn.) kavuru to capsize; (NTD) kamur to be upside down
Malayalam : kaviẓuka, kamiẓuka
Malayalam meaning : to be overturned, upset, overwhelmed
Malayalam derivates : kaviẓttuka, kamiẓttuka, kamuttuka, kamikka to upset, overthrow, lay flat
Kannada : kavicu, kavacu, kavucu
Kannada meaning : to be turned upside down, be overthrown or upset; turn upside down, etc.
Kodagu : kaviN- (kaviNv-, kaviNñj-)
Kodagu meaning : to bend or lie face downwards
Kodagu derivates : (kaviNmp-, kaviNñc-) to turn face downwards (tr.)
Tulu : kapparụ
Tulu meaning : on the face
Tulu derivates : kabbe, kabya topsyturvy, upside down; kauñca topsyturvy, upside down
Number in DED : 1335
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-kodder,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-tulder,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kav-
Meaning : to be turned upside down
Toda : kof- (kofɵ-)
Additional forms : Also Toda kof- (koft-) to turn upside down (tr.)
Number in DED : 1335
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kap-
Meaning : to bend the head, bow
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *kap-
Meaning : frog
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kappe
Number in DED : 1224
Number in CVOTGD : 514
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kap-
Meaning : to bend the head down
Tekriya Kuwi : kap-
Number in DED : 1335
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kuwi_t,kuiet-dednum,
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North Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-North-Dravidian : *kab-
Meaning : to bend
Kurukh : kabʔā-kubʔurnā "to take short step forwards in a leaning position"
Malto : kawge "to curve, bend"
Number in DED : 1344
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Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVPV
Meaning : to bend; hump, heap
Notes : Niv. kevr- 'изгибаться'; kevz- 'кудри'
Reference : МССНЯ 336, ОСНЯ 1, 236-237, ND 587, 588, 589, 593, 1111. globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-notes,globet-reference,
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Afroasiatic etymology :
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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gʷab-
Meaning: bend
Semitic: /Arb/pBHbr
Notes: Cf. LEC *gop- "hunchback" (Or gooṗpo)?
afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-egy,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-sho,afaset-notes,
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Egyptian etymology :
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Old Egyptian: gb (gr)
Meaning: 'stoop'
egyet-prnum,egyet-meaning,
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Central Chadic etymology :
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Proto-CChadic: *gwaḅ-
Meaning: 'bend'
Malgwa: gáva [Lr]
Mofu-Gudur: -́gǝḅ- [BMof]
Gisiga: goḅ- [LGis]
Notes: probably <ḫ'b , cp. Eg ḫ'b `beugen'(19) Eg ḫ'b `beugen'(19)
cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-zgh,cchet-mof,cchet-gis,cchet-notes,
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East Chadic etymology :
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Proto-EChadic: *gwab-
Meaning: 'bend'
Kera: gòbé
echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-ker,
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Saho-Afar etymology :
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Proto-Saho-Afar: *gub-
Meaning: 'be bent'
Afar (Danakil): guub
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *GwHV̄bV̆́
Meaning: top, heap
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-yen,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *GwHV̄bV̆
Meaning: stack, haystack
Notes: Cf. also Ag. ʁeb/ʁäb (Shaumyan) 'haystack', borrowed from Darg. There is a good correspondence between Av.-And., Darg. and Ub., although the vocalic reconstruction is not certain.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ʁʷiba
Meaning: 1 stack, haystack 2 heap
Chadakolob: ʁob 1
Akhvakh: ʁoba 1
Tindi: ʁoba 1,2
Comments: Av. paradigm C (ʁobó-l, ʁóba-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʁuba. Tind. > Inkh. ʁoba 'haystack'.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-avc,aandet-akv,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *χob (~*ʁ:-)
Meaning: haystack
Gunzib: ʁob
Comments: Isolated within Tsezian, but having probable external parallels. Cf. also (with a suffix) Gunz. ʁobej 'small stack'.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: q:aw
Meaning: sheaf
Lak form: q:aw
Comments: Cf. Khosr. q:aw id. The Proto-Lak. form was *q:ʷab, as seen clearly from the Archi loanword: Arch. qʷab 'sheaf'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʁIep:V
Meaning: haystack
Akusha: ʕeba
Comments: Cf. Kait. ʁep:i, Kharb. ʕep:a, perhaps also Chir. baʁIa (with metathesis and assimilation).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *qI:(ʷ)abIa
Meaning: a heap of sheaves
Ubykh: qIabIá
Comments: Isolated in Ub., but having very probable external parallels.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *χ[o]p
Meaning: top (of tree)
Ket: qōp, pl. qɔ: // qɔ:n
Yug: xop, pl. xɔ:hp
Kottish: hupár, pl. hupáraŋ "Ende, Gipfel"; (Бол.) ači-xap "top (of tree)"
Arin: aša-pok (Лоск.) "top (of tree)"
Comments: ССЕ 302. In Arin we have either an erroneous recording (ašapok instead of *ašakop) or a metathesis. Werner 2, 128 <*qopǝ / *qop>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-notes,
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