Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *kaûp-a- / *kaũp-a- c., *kaũp- vb. tr., *kaûp-in- vb., *kaũp-r-a- c., -iā̃ f., *kup-et-ā̂, -at-ā̂, -en-ā̂ f., *kup-in-a- adj.; *kō̂p-ā̂ (1); *kaũb-a- c., *kaũb-ur-a c., *kaũb-iā̃ (*2) f.

Meaning: heap, hill

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: káupa-s, kaũpa-s `Haufen, Anhäufung, Uebermass', kaũpti, káupinti `scharrend häufen, aufhäufen, ansammeln', kaũpra-s, -ē `kleine Boden erhebung, Erdhügel'; kùpeta, -ena `kleiner Heuoder Getreidehaufen', kùpina- `gehäuft, voll, reich an etw.', kúopa `Schar, Haufen' { kuprà Höcker }; || kaũbra-s, kaũbrē, kaubrē̃ 'Hügel, Bodenerhebung, Bergkuppe', kaũbura-s, -ī̃-s 'dass., Auswuchs, Höcker, Beule',

Lettish: kupata `Heuschober', kupena `Haufen', kupene, kupenis `Schneehaufen', kaùpre<sup>2</sup> `kleiner Hügel, Hügelrücken', kuõpa, kuops `Haufe; Bund, Bündel; Menge' || kaub[urs] 'Hügel'

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *kAup-, -b-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: heap

Avestan: kaofa- `Berg, Kamelbuckel'

Other Iranian: OPers kaufa- `Berg', NPers kōh `Berg'

Old Greek: kǘpro-s m. `Getreidemass'

Slavic: *kū́pa, *kūpъ, *kūprъ

Baltic: *kaûp-a- / *kaũp-a- c., *kaũp- vb. tr., *kaûp-in- vb., *kaũp-r-a- c., -iā̃ f., *kup-et-ā̂, -at-ā̂, -en-ā̂ f., *kup-in-a- adj.; *kō̂p-ā̂ (1); *kaũb-a- c., *kaũb-ur-a c., *kaũb-iā̃ (*2) f.

Germanic: *xu[b]-a- n., *xuf-r-a- m., *xub-il=; *xaup-a- m.~n.

Russ. meaning: куча

References: WP I 370 f, Buck 25.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xu[b]a-n, *xufra-z, *xubil=; *xaupa-

Meaning: hump, hill

IE etymology: IE etymology

Norwegian: hov n. `Anhöhe, kleiner Hügel'

Old English: hofer (hofr, hofor), -es m. `hump, swelling'; hēap

English: heap

Old Saxon: huvil `Hugel'; hovaradi `gebochelt'; hōp

Middle Dutch: hōvel, hoevel, huevel m. `heuvel, bochel'; hōver `bult'

Dutch: heuvel m.

Old Franconian: huvil (9.Jh.) `Anhöhe'

Middle Low German: hȫvel `hügel, Haufen, Höcker'

Old High German: hovar `Buckel' (9.Jh.), hubil `Hügel'; houf

Middle High German: hübel, hubel st. m. {hobel, huvel} `hügell'; hover st. m. `Höcker, Buckel; ein Buckliger'

German: frühnhd. Hofer, dial. Hübel

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ḳOṗV

Meaning: be full

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *k`óp`i (+ *kop`V)

Kartvelian: Georg. ḳaṗan- 'schwer beladen'

Dravidian: *kop- (confused with *kup- 'heap', see 1391)

References: ND 984 *ḳoʔbE 'to fill, whole' ( + Sem. and Mb.?).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *k`óp`ì

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: be complete, all

Russian meaning: быть полным, целым, весь

Turkic: *köp

Mongolian: *köb-čin

Tungus-Manchu: *xup-

Korean: *kòp-

Japanese: *kúpá-pa-

Comments: Владимирцов 323, АПиПЯЯ 285, Whitman 223. Cf. *kŏp`V: the Kor.-Jpn. reflexes may in fact reflect both roots.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *köp

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: many

Russian meaning: много

Old Turkic: köp (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: köp (MK, KB)

Turkish: köp

Tatar: küp

Middle Turkic: köp (Pav. C., MA, Abush.)

Uzbek: kụp

Uighur: köp

Turkmen: köp

Khakassian: köp

Shor: köp

Oyrat: köp

Tuva: kö'p, xöj ( < *köpej)

Tofalar: kö'p

Kirghiz: köp

Kazakh: köp

Noghai: köp

Bashkir: küp

Balkar: köp

Karakalpak: köp

Salar: köp

Kumyk: köp

Comments: VEWT 291, EDT 686-687, ЭСТЯ 5, 107-108.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *köb-čin

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: whole, all

Russian meaning: целый, все, весь

Written Mongolian: köbči(n) (L 475)

Middle Mongolian: gubčin (SH)

Khalkha: xövčin

Ordos: gübčin

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xup-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 all 2 to gather

Russian meaning: 1 весь, все 2 собирать(ся)

Evenki: upkat 1, upūrē- 2

Negidal: opkal 1

Ulcha: χụpala- 2

Orok: χupala- 2

Nanai: χopala- 2

Oroch: χupala- 2

Udighe: ufal, ufalahi 1

Comments: See ТМС 2, 281; 1, 478. Cf. also Nan. χopã, Ul. χopa(n), Orok χụpa(n) 'group, company' - which may be a merger of the original root with a Manchu loan (cf. Manchu χufan 'company, companionship' < Chin. huǒbàn).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kòp-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to double, increase twofold

Russian meaning: удваивать, увеличивать(ся) вдвое

Modern Korean: kop-ha-

Middle Korean: kòp-

Comments: Nam 52, KED 164.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kúpá-pa-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: add

Russian meaning: добавлять

Old Japanese: kupapa-

Middle Japanese: kùfàfá-

Tokyo: kùwae-, kuwaé-

Kyoto: kúwáé-

Kagoshima: kuwaé-

Comments: JLTT 718. Tone reconstruction is controversial: RJ and the Tokyo variant kuwae-rú point to *kùpà-, but all other evidence is in favour of *kúpá-.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kup-

Meaning : heap; stack

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kup-

Proto-Telugu : *kupp-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kop-/*kup-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kup-

Proto-North Dravidian : *qop-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kup-

Meaning : heap

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kuppam

Tamil meaning : multitude, heap

Tamil derivates : kuppal heap, as of manure, mound, multitude; kuppai heap, mound, sweepings, rubbish, excrement, dung

Malayalam : kuppa

Malayalam meaning : heap of dirt or refuse

Kannada : kuppe, guppe

Kannada meaning : heap, pile, dunghill

Kannada derivates : kuppaḷisu to heap, amass; kuppu to heap up; koppal heap

Kodagu : kuppɨ

Kodagu meaning : a dropping of dung

Tulu : kuppè, guppè, kippè, kompa, kompè

Tulu meaning : heap

Proto-Nilgiri : *kip (??)

Number in DED : 1731

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kip

Meaning : rubbish

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kip "heap of weeds, rubbish"

Toda : kɨp

Additional forms : Also Kota ki(p) pāc rubbish heap near house where people defecate, defecation

Number in DED : 1731

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *kupp-

Meaning : heap, pile, collection, assmeblage, (MBE 1978) heap of dirt, dungheap

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kuppa

Additional forms : Also guppu to place in heaps or lots; kuppãgūra abundance; in heaps, abundantly; [1] kopparamu, [2] kopramu increase, rise, swell; kopparincu to increase, rise, swell; kopparinta increasing

Number in DED : 1731

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kop-/*kup-

Meaning : to fill; heap, stack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : kupp kal- "to gather"

Parji : kuppa "stack, mound"

Ollari Gadba : kop- "to be full, (river) overflows"

Salur Gadba : kuppā "heap"

Kondekor Gadba : kop- "to be full"

Additional forms : Also Parji kopp- to be full; kopip- (kopit-) to fill up; kopa full; koppa small hillock; Ollari kope hill, forest; Gadba_S3 kopup- to fill (tr.); koppen full

Notes : Evidence for two roots here, indeed, confirmed by external data.

Number in DED : 1731

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kup-

Meaning : heap, stack

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kup-

Konda : kupa

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kup-a

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kup-

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *kup-

Meaning : heap, stack

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Muria Gondi : kupa

Maria Gondi : guppa

Seoni Gondi : kuppa

Koya Gondi : kuppa

Maria Gondi (Lind) : kupā kiyānā "to gather together"

Adilabad Gondi : kuppa

Additional forms : Also Gondi_L kupāhanā to gather, collect

Number in DED : 1731

Number in CVOTGD : 760

Konda etymology :

Konda : kupa

Meaning: heap (of grain)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda kumba small conical heap

Number in DED : 1731

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kup-a

Meaning : heap

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kupa "heap, stack"

Manda : kupa

Additional Forms : Also Pengo kupli mound of earth; Manda kupki- to fill

Number in DED : 1731

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kup-

Meaning : hillock, mound

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kupa "hillock"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kūpa "mound"

Kuwi (Schulze) : kuppu ānai "to overfill"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : kupli "hillock"

Parja Kuwi : kuppa "stack"

Notes : B & E put here also Kui kopa hump, cow's hump, which should instead belong to 1743; and Kuwi_Su gu'u hump of ox, which they put also in 1927 where it should belong indeed. Typical for our friends.

Number in DED : 1731

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *qop-

Meaning : to heap, pile up

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : xoppnā "to form into a pile, heap up"

Malto : qope "to heap, pile up; n. heap, pile"

Additional forms : Also KUR xoprnā to be heaped up; xopOrxolā, (Bleses also) xoporkā abundant, swarming; MLT qopre to come together, assemble.

Number in DED : 1731

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVPV

Meaning : be full, complete

Eurasiatic : *ḳOṗV

Afroasiatic : Sem.?

Sino-Caucasian : *gwǝ̄ṗV

Austric : PAA *gap, Thai *kap 'join', PAN *raŋkeb, *raŋkep 'unite'

Reference : МССНЯ 346; ND 984.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *gwǝ̄ṗV

Meaning: group, unite

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *gwǝ̄ṗV

Sino-Tibetan: *kV̄p

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *gwǝ̄ṗV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: group, heap

Proto-Nakh: *gub (~ -ū-)

Proto-Tsezian: *guṗ

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳaṗal

Proto-West Caucasian: *k:ʷǝpǝ

Notes: Except secondary assimilations (typical for roots with two stops; PN *gub < *guṗ; PL *ḳaṗ-al < *k:aṗ-al) correspondences are quite regular. The comparison is quite satisfactory both phonetically and semantically.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *gub (~ -ū-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hill, barrow 2 island

Chechen: gū 1

Ingush: guw 1

Batsbi: gub 2 (Schiefner)

Comments: 6th class in Chech. and Ing. The Bacb. form is quoted from Schiefner; Kadagidze has only Bacb. gub 'pool' which is obviously borrowed from Georg. gube 'pool, pond'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *guṗ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 hill 2 heap

Tsezi: guṗ 1

Khvarshi: gub (Radzhibov)

Bezhta: ḳuṗijo 2 (Khosh.)

Comments: PTsKh *guṗ (with dissimilation in Khvarshi). The Bezht. form has a frequent suffix -ijo; ḳ- < g- through assimilation.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳaṗal

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 group, heap, crowd 2 grove 3 small sheep-flock

Lezghian: ḳaṗal 1

Tabasaran: ḳaṗal 2

Kryz: ḳäbäl 3

Budukh: ḳǝṗǝl 3

Comment: In Bud. ḳǝṗǝl is the MSU recording; Meilanova has ḳapal (either another variant or a misspelling). 3d class in Kryz. (the Kryz. word also means 'cloud'), 4th class in Bud.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *k:ʷǝpǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: group

Abkhaz: a-gʷǝ́p

Abaza: gʷǝp

Adyghe: kʷǝp

Kabardian: gʷǝp

Comments: PAT *gʷǝpǝ; PATK *k:ʷǝ́pǝ. Ad. > Ub. kʷǝp (in case of direct inheritance Ub. would have gʷ-).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kV̄p

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: join, unite

Chinese: 合 *gǝ̄p join, unite.

Tibetan: kob all.

Burmese: khap- all together (Luce).

Kachin: kup³ be entire, complete, perfect, (H) kop completely.

Lushai: kip every, all.

Lepcha: kóp 1 to be in concord, to harmonize, to coincide, to be in unison one with another, to agree together, to be of one mind, to fraternize; 2 to be joined together as man and wife; kop to join, to fasten as by placing a piece on each side of, to fix together

Comments: Luce 36. Cf. *krV̄p.

Chinese characters :

Character: 合

Modern (Beijing) reading: hé

Preclassic Old Chinese: gǝ̄p

Classic Old Chinese: gǝ̄p

Western Han Chinese: gǝ̄p

Eastern Han Chinese: gǝ̄p

Early Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄p

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄p

Late Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̄p

Middle Chinese: ɣʌp

English meaning : be together, joined, harmonious; to put together, match

Comments: Also read *kǝ̄p, MC kʌp (FQ 古沓), Pek. gé id. The meaning 'to close' (as in hé-kou 合口 'close the mouth') is also archaic and probably reflected in Viet. colloquial cụp (the literary Sino-Viet. reading is họ'p). Cf. other Viet. colloquial readings (possibly from the same source - but cf. also PAA *gap 'join' which may be ultimately related): góp 'to collect, contribute, concentrate)' (but for the latter cf. also 給 *kǝp q.v.), hạp 'to suit, to agree', họp 'to meet, gather, assemble'. For OC *g- cf. Xiamen kaʔ8.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0675 a-d

Go-on: gofu

Kan-on: kafu

Japanese reading: gō;au;awasu;awaseru

Vietnamese reading: cụp

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 246

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 合

MC description : 咸開一入合匣

ZIHUI: 0678 0206

Beijing: xô 12

Jinan: xǝ 12

Xi'an: xuo 12

Taiyuan: xaʔ 41; xǝʔ 41

Hankou: xo 12

Chengdu: xo 12

Yangzhou: xǝʔ 4

Suzhou: ɦôʔ 42

Wenzhou: ɦö 42

Changsha: xo 4

Shuangfeng: xuɛ 12

Nanchang: hɔt 41

Meixian: hap 42

Guangzhou: hap 42

Xiamen: hap 42 (lit.); kap 41; kaʔ 41

Chaozhou: haʔ 42

Fuzhou: xaʔ 42

Shanghai: ɦôʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: xo 41

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kVp

Meaning: unite, join

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *gap

Austroasiatic meaning: join

Proto-Austronesian: *raŋkeb, *raŋkep

Austronesian meaning: unite

Proto-Thai: kap to join together CK

Notes: Cf. *KVp 'put together'

References: Peiros 1989.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gap

Meaning: join

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kap to join together CK

Khmer: gɔp

Proto-Monic: M pagap, bgap

Proto-Palaungic: Pr kap I?

Proto-Khmu: LKM gap

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: gɔp

Meaning: to throw smth at someone; to join together, to associate; faggot, bundle of sticks or straw used as a torch, twist of straw; large wooden mallet

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

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