Long-range etymologies : List with all references

Notes: The root, originally verbal, has preserved its verbal status only in a few languages (Bacb., Darg., Ud., WC; cf. also Ur. ab-il- 'to join' ( < 'sew together' ?), see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 18). Much more widely spread are old derivates: *jiburV in Western EC languages ( > PN *jub, *ʔab-rV-; Av. ʕébu, Chad. ʕíbur; Lak. p:a, p:ur-; Khin. p:la), *HrVbV̄ and *wVreba in Eastern EC languages (PL *rap:/*räp:, *wurep:a; PD *durup:, *birep:a).

Abdokov (1983, 129) compares the EC forms with a PAK root *bǝ-, tentatively reconstructed by the author with the meaning 'to pierce, punch a hole', on the basis of complex derivates like Kab. pxǝʁa-mbǝ-n 'to punch a hole (by a pointed obj.)' [in Карданов 1957 glossed: 'to crush, squeeze through'] and Shaps. ja-bǝ-xǝ-n 'to fall down (through)'. The morpheme is unclear etymologically (in fact, it may represent the same root as Ad. bǝ 'hole, den' - see Shagirov 1, 102), and the etymology seems dubious.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *ʔab-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sew

Batsbi: ʔab-

Comments: Chech. and Ing. have not preserved the verb, but cf. in Chech. ew-na, Ing. ow 'seam'. Cf. also the PN derivate *jub (obl. *ʔabrV-) 'awl' (Bacb. jub, Chech. jū, pl. ʔāraš, Ing. juw, erg. owro, pl. owraš).

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *HebV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: awl

Avar: ʕébu

Chadakolob: ʕíbur

Comments: Chad. paradigm A (ʕíburi-l, ʕíbura-l).

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: p:a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: awl

Lak form: p:a

Comments: Cf. gen. p:ur-dul (reflecting the old obl. stem).

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *=irp:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sew

Akusha: ib-es

Comments: Cf. Ur. =irb- id. There are also two PD derivates from this root: PD *durup: 'awl' (Ak. durub, Chir. durup:); PD *birep:a 'needle' (Ak. bureba, Chir. birap:a).

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔi(r)p:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sewn, to sew

Udi: eIb

Comment: Udi is the only Lezghian language that has preserved the old verbal root. All other languages reflect only derivates: a) PL *rap:/*räp: 'awl' (Lezg. rib, erg. rip:ini, Tab. rib, Ag. reb, Rut. rab, Tsakh. rab, Kryz. reb, Bud. räb, Arch. dab); b) PL *wurep:a (and, with metathesis, *ruwep:a > *rup:a) (Tab. rub, Ag. rub, Rut. rub, Tsakh. wība/wejba, Gelm. wɨjäba, Arch. dub- in dub-ʎas 'to sew'). Cf. Бокарев 1961,61; Лексика 1971,216,202; Гигинейшвили 1977, 76.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,

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Khinalug etymology :

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Khinalug root: p:la

North Caucasian etymology: 890

Meaning: awl

Khinalug form: p:la

khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,

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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

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Proto-West-Caucasian: *b́ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sew

Abkhaz: á-ʒa-χ-ra

Abaza: ʒa-χ-ra

Adyghe: da-n

Kabardian: da-n

Ubykh: -dʷǝ-

Comments: PAT *ʒ́a-xǝ- (cf. also Abkh. Bz. á-ʒ́a-x-ra); PAK *da- (trans., cf. also *dǝ- intr. > Ad., Kab. dǝ-n). The same root served as a basis for PWC *b́ʷV / *b́ʷV-b́ʷV 'awl' > PAT *ʒ́aʒ́ǝ (Abkh. á-ʒaʒ, Bz. á-ʒ́aʒ́, Abaz. ʒaʒǝ), PAK *dǝdǝ́ (Ad. dǝdǝ, Kab. dǝd); Ub. dʷa 'needle'.

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rup

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sew

Tibetan: ãdrub (p.,i. drub(s)) to sew, to embroider.

Burmese: khjup to sew, LB *k(h)lupx.

Lepcha: hrap

Comments: PG *ṭùp^L; Trung krǝp¹; Magari rup; Rgyarung tup. Ben. 114.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-lepcha,stibet-comments,

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