Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV ??

Meaning : glittering

Eurasiatic : *gi[ɫ]ħu

Afroasiatic : *kalap-

Sino-Caucasian : *ḳVlʡV

Amerind (misc.) : *kuli 'green; blue, yellow' (R 336) [+ A K]

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gi[ɫ]ħu

Meaning: glittering

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'hel- , *ghel-

Altaic: *gilE

Uralic: BF *kīl- 'glitter'

Dravidian: *kiḷ- (?)

References: МССНЯ 330, 335, ОСНЯ 1, 229-230; ND 624 *gil̄[h]u 'shine, glitter'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gìlè ( ~ -i, -o)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to shine, glitter

Russian meaning: блестеть, сверкать

Mongolian: *gil(b)a-

Tungus-Manchu: *gilta-

Japanese: *kìrà-

Comments: KW 136, ОСНЯ 1, 230. In TM cf. also a variant *kilbe- / *kilt- 'glitter' (ТМС 1, 393, 394; hence Yak. kilbej-, kɨlbaj-; but Dolg. gilbej-, gɨlbaj- may be directly < Mong.; see Kaɫ. MEJ 103, Stachowski 86, 87). Since Mong. also has a variant *gilt- (MMong. (MA) qiltai-, WMong. giltagir, giltuji-, Kalm. giltǝgṛ, giltī-, KW ibid.), the TM forms may be borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 21-22, Rozycki 89). Note that Jpn. *kìrà- may also reflect PA *gari q. v.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *gil(b)a-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to glitter, shine

Russian meaning: блестеть

Written Mongolian: gila-, gilba- (L 382), giluŋ, gilüŋ 'shining' (L 383)

Middle Mongolian: gilibeligan 'lightning' (HY 2)

Khalkha: ǵala-, ǵalba-, gilbegne-

Buriat: jalaj-

Kalmuck: gilɛ̄n, gilǝg, gilgṛ 'light, glittering', gilī-, gilwǝ- 'glitter'

Ordos: gilba-

Dagur: gialbagalǯi- (MGCD 294), gialebeleǯi- (MD 151)

Monguor: ʒ́ilōn 'luisant, lisse, uni, glabre' (SM 87)

Comments: KW 136. Mong. gileji- > Oyr. kiläi-; Mong. gilba-lǯa- > Man. gilmarǯa-, see Rozycki 89.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gilta-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 white 2 shine

Russian meaning: 1 белый 2 блестеть

Evenki: gilta-li 1

Even: gịltāl- 2

Spoken Manchu: gilǝtǝrǝ- (2043)

Literary Manchu: gilta- 2

Ulcha: gilte 2

Nanai: gilte- 2

Solon: giltarĩ 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 151-152.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kìrà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: shining, glittering

Russian meaning: блестящий, сверкать

Old Japanese: k(j)ira-k(j)ira-si 'beautiful'

Middle Japanese: kìrà-kìrà-

Tokyo: kíra-kira, kira-mék-

Kyoto: kírà-kìrà, kírá-mék-

Kagoshima: kira-kíra, kira-mék-

Comments: JLTT 708.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kiḷ-

Meaning : rust, verdigris

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kiL-

Proto-Telugu : *cil-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kiLŋ-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kil-

Notes : The Central Dravidian forms, especially the PGn one, are dubious: lack of retroflex articulation in Kuwi speaks in favour of the forms being borrowed from SDR.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kiL-

Meaning : rust, verdigris

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cilumpu, ceḷimpu

Tamil meaning : verdigris

Tamil derivates : kaḷimpu id., rust, blemish

Malayalam : kiḷarkka

Malayalam meaning : to be corroded

Malayalam derivates : kiḷarppu, kiḷāvu, kaḷimpu verdigris; kiḷāccal corrosion

Kannada : kilubu

Kannada meaning : to get corroded, be covered with verdigris

Kannada derivates : kilubu, kilabu, kilibu, kilumbu, kiluvu verdigris, rust

Tulu : kilimbu, kilubu, kilbu, kilụbu, kilụmbu, kilumu, kilembi, kilembu

Tulu meaning : rust, verdigris, corrosion

Tulu derivates : kaṇeŋgụ, kaleŋgụ (B-K.) rust, verdigris

Proto-Nilgiri : *kil-

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) kelbu green rust on copper

Number in DED : 1586

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *kil-

Meaning : verdigris

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : kilm(b)

Number in DED : 1586

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *cil-

Meaning : verdigris

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : cilumu

Dialectal forms (1) : kilumu

Number in DED : 1586

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kiLŋ-

Meaning : verdigris

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Salur Gadba : kiluŋu

Number in DED : 1586

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kil-

Meaning : rust

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : kiliŋ

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kil-

Konda etymology :

Konda : kiliŋ

Meaning: offensive smell; corrosion

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 1586

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kil-

Meaning : rust

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kilmū

Number in DED : 0

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kalap-

Meaning: be red

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *kalap- 'red, brown'

Central Chadic: *kVpal- 'red'

Notes: Scarce data. Doubtful

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1145

Proto-Semitic: *kalap-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'red, brown'

Arabic: kal(a)f-

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kVpal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'red'

Bachama: kpálaa

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳV́lʡV

Meaning: white

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ḳVlʡV ( ~ ḳ_(w)-, -ɫ-,-ʕ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *kār (~ kh-, g-)

Comments and references : HGC 23, WFR 24.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ḳVlʡV ( ~ ḳ_w- -ɫ-,-ʕ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: white

Proto-Nakh: *ḳVj-

Proto-Lak: ḳaIla-

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳVlV- ?

Notes: Essentially a Nakh-Lak. isogloss, because the isolated Udi parallel is not very reliable.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ḳVj-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: white

Chechen: ḳajn

Ingush: ḳaj

Batsbi: ḳujĩ

Comments: Vocalism not clear (old Ablaut?) The pure stem is represented in Chech. ḳaj "wall-eye", Bacb. ḳuj-dar/ḳuv-dar "to whiten".

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ḳaIla-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: white

Lak form: ḳaIla-s:a

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ḳVlV- ?

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wall-eye

Udi: k:o-nak

Comment: The first syllable of the Udi word may represent the archaic root for "white" (cf. PN *ḳVj "white; wall-eye"). Very uncertain because of difficulties in morphological analysis and the isolation of the Udi form.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kār ( ~ kh-, g-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: white

Chinese: 翰 *g_ār(s) white (of a horse).

Tibetan: gar, dkar, bkar white, whitish, grey.

Burmese: ? ćaŋ-kraj clean, pure (Luce).

Comments: ? PG *tar. Sh. 125; Luce 19; Peiros-Starostin 211.

Chinese characters :

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