Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVTMV

Meaning : brain, head

Eurasiatic : *wVṭV(mV)

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦwōmdV

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wVṭV(mV)

Meaning: brain, marrow; head

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *i̯ŏ̀t`à(mu) ( ~ *i̯ằt`ò-)

Uralic: *wiδV(-mV)

Kartvelian: *ṭwin-

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŏ̀t`à(mu) ( ~ *i̯ằt`ò-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: top of head, head

Russian meaning: темя, голова

Tungus-Manchu: *utumuk

Korean: *utu

Japanese: *àtàmà

Comments: An Eastern isogloss.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *utumuk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: back of head

Russian meaning: затылок

Evenki: utumuk

Even: ötömöhök

Orok: utumu

Comments: ТМС 2, 294.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *utu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 head 2 top of head

Russian meaning: 1 голова 2 темя, верхушка головы

Modern Korean: udu-mǝri 2

Middle Korean: utu 1

Comments: Liu 591, KED 1237.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *àtàmà

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 top of head 2 head

Russian meaning: 1 темя 2 голова

Middle Japanese: àtàmà 1, 2

Tokyo: atamá 2

Kyoto: átàmà 2

Kagoshima: atamá 1

Hateruma: àmàsɨ_̀kùrɨ̀ 2

Comments: JLTT 387.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1162

Proto: *wiδV(-mV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: marrow, brain

German meaning: Knochenmark, Gehirn

Finnish: yty 'Knochenmark, Kern, Most, Mark', ydin (gen. ytimen), ydyn (gen. ytymen)

Estonian: üti (gen. üdi) 'Mark'

Saam (Lapp): âđâ -đđâm- (N) 'marrow; marrow bone; plumpness', atām (L) 'Mark, Markknochen', at (gen. atti̊me) (T), øδe (gen. ottem) (Kld. Not.) 'Mark'

Mordovian: ud́em (E), ud́ime, ud́eme 'Mark, Kern'

Mari (Cheremis): vim (KB), wem (U B) 'Mark'

Udmurt (Votyak): viji̮m (S), vijǝ̑m (K), vim (G) 'Gehirn, Mark'

Komi (Zyrian): vem (S P), vim (PO)

Khanty (Ostyak): welǝm (V), wetǝm (DN), welǝm (O) 'Mark'

Mansi (Vogul): wälǝm (TJ), wɔ̄̈lǝm (KU), walǝm (P), wālǝm (So.) 'Knochenmark'

Hungarian: velő (acc. velőt, Px3Sg. veleje) 'Mark, Hirn, Kern'

Sammalahti's version: *wü/ödi/ämi

Kartvelian etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦwōmdV

Meaning: head, brain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦwōmdV

Sino-Tibetan: *thō (~dh-,-ǝ̄w)

Burushaski: *-jáṭe

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwōmdV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brain

Proto-Nakh: *ħadV (~-ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ħon(d)i

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãd̥1̇a

Proto-Lezghian: *ħomt(a)

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ħadV (~-ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brain

Chechen: ħē

Ingush: ħɔ

Batsbi: ħad(a)

Comments: 6th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ħon(d)i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 brain 2 head

Avar: ʕadá- 2

Andian language: honu 1

Akhvakh: hani 1

Chamalal: han (Gig.) 1

Tindi: hani 1

Karata: hane 1

Godoberi: hani 1

Comments: Avar has preserved the root only in oblique cases. Cf. also Av. Chad. ʕadá-maħu / ʕadá-naħu; Cham. U.-Gakv. han 'fruit-stone' (Tind. hani also has this meaning).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔãd̥1̇a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: brain

Tsezi: ata

Ginukh: ata

Khvarshi: ãta

Inkhokvari: ãta

Bezhta: ãda

Gunzib: ãda

Comments: PTsKh *ʔãta, PGB *ʔãda.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ħomt(a)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 brain 2 head (of a woman, an animal)

Agul: ħüt 1 (Bursh.)

Rutul: jüt 1 (Khnov.)

Archi: oInt 2

Comment: Arch. pl. oInt-or. The preserved -n- in Arch. points to PL *-m-.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *thō ( ~ dh-,-ǝ̄w)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: head

Chinese: 頭 *dhō head.

Burmese: LB *[ɣux]-tux head.

Lepcha: to up there, up, above

Kiranti: *dhǝ̀ / *dhǝ̀ŋ

Chinese characters :

Character: 頭

Modern (Beijing) reading: tóu

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhō

Classic Old Chinese: dhō

Western Han Chinese: dhwā

Eastern Han Chinese: dhwā

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhōw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄w

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhǝ̄w

Middle Chinese: dʌw

English meaning : head; beginning, end [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) голова; макушка, верхушка; вершина; 2) главный; верхний; лучший; передний, передовой; первый; 3) глава; лидер, вождь; атаман; 4) начало; начальный; крайняя оконечность; конец (напр. палки); 5) перед, впереди; раньше; 6) срок, время; 7) голова; счетное слово и суффикс а) для скота; б) для дел, событий; [-tou] 1) словобразовательный суффикс существительных а) круглых и цилиндрических предметов; б) людей, часто презрительно; в) чего-либо стоящего, достойного, интересного; г) отрезков времени; 2) суффикс наречий места

Comments: For *dh- cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou, Fuzhou thau², Jianou the².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 181

Four-angle index: 8067

Karlgren code: 0118 e

Vietnamese reading: d_ầu

Jianchuan Bai: tɨ7

Dali Bai: tɨ7

Bijiang Bai: ṭo1-, ṭɨ7

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2233

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 頭

MC description : 流開一平侯定

ZIHUI: 7333 1507

Beijing: thou 12

Jinan: thou 12

Xi'an: thou 12

Taiyuan: thou 1

Hankou: thou 12

Chengdu: thǝu 12

Yangzhou: thôɨ 12

Suzhou: döy 12

Wenzhou: diu 12

Changsha: tôu 12

Shuangfeng: die 12

Nanchang: thɛu 12

Meixian: thɛu 12

Guangzhou: thau 12

Xiamen: thɔ 12 (lit.); thau 12

Chaozhou: thau 12

Fuzhou: teu 12 (lit.); tau 12

Shanghai: tô 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: thou 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *dhǝ̀ // *dhǝ̀ŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: head, above

Kaling: dhoŋ head

Limbu: thāŋ above, the- / thā- in thegek head, thāgei hair, thākhumme woman's headdress

Dumi: dō 'hair on head'; dǝkhlö 'head'

Kulung: tɔŋ 'head', tɔ̄- 'above'

Yamphu: taŋ 'hair on the head'; nin-daŋ-a head

Comments: Cf. *thǝ̀. Toba 91 *toŋ.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: thɛge:k, -dhge:k

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: head.

Comments: Cf. tho:.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: do:

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: scalp, hair on head

Nepali: kes!

Comments: cf. do:sǝm; thu.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: tɔN

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: head

Nepali: ṭāuko.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: taŋ

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: hair on the head.

Nepali: kes

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-jáṭe

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 head 2 above

Yasin: -jáṭes 1, jáṭe 2

Hunza: -jáṭis 1, jáṭe 2

Nagar: -jáṭis 1, jáṭe 2

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