Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVTV

Meaning : straight

Afroasiatic : *tiyaʔ-/*tiyaw-

Sino-Caucasian : *=ī́[ṭ]V ( ~ -ē-)

Austric : *oto 'straight'; cf. also *qatai 'right side, right hand' and PAA *tǝj 'hand'?

Notes : PAN *keteŋ, *geteŋ 'stand straight' must be < ST.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *tiyaʔ-/*tiyaw-

Meaning: be right, true

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: tyw (ME) 'true'

Western Chadic: *tyaH- 'right (adj.)'

East Chadic: *tiyaw- 'right (adj.)'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: tyw (ME)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'true'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *tyaH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'right (adj.)'

Kariya: atéy [SkNb]

Miya: teʔé [SkNb]

Mburku: têhú [SkNb]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *tiyaw-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'right' (adj.)

Migama: tíyā̀wá [JMig]

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ī́[ṭ]V ( ~ -ē-)

Meaning: straight

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=īṭV ( ~ -ē-)

Sino-Tibetan: *[dh]ĕŋ

Yenisseian: *taʔt-

Comments and references : HGC 39.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=īṭV ( ~ -ē-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straight

Proto-Nakh: *=ēṭu-n

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iṭ-

Proto-Tsezian: *kʷeṭV-

Proto-Lak: ṭaj-la-

Proto-Lezghian: *(ʔi)ṭV- / *ṭVṭV-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *=ēṭu-n

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: flat

Chechen: =ȫda

Ingush: =eda

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iṭ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 straight 2 right, correct

Avar: =íṭ-ara= 1

Chadakolob: bíṭa-ra= 1

Andian language: =iṭi 2

Akhvakh: =iṭa-da 1

Chamalal: =iṭi-dda 1

Tindi: =iṭ-iju= 1

Karata: =iṭo= 1

Comments: The stem is actually verbal, cf. Av. =iṭ- 'to straighten, become straight', and forms meaning 'straight' or 'correct' are participial or deverbal. Cf. also Kar. Tok. =iṭu-bal, Tind. =iṭu- 'right (of direction)', Tind. =iṭiʁ- 'to stand upright' (a compound with -iʁ- 'to stand'). Av. > Bezht. biṭarab, Inkh. biṭṭura-.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *kʷeṭV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: right (direct.)

Tsezi: kuṭ-jo-s

Ginukh: kʷeṭe-s

Inkhokvari: ḳʷeṭa-be

Bezhta: ḳeṭa-ƛ̣as (Khosh.)

Gunzib: ḳeṭā-s

Comments: PTsKh *kʷeṭV-; PGB *ḳeṭa- (with locative suffixes). In PGB and Inkh. there occurred an assimilation (kʷ- > ḳʷ-). The stem is historically a compound of *kʷV- (oblique base of *kʷɨrV 'hand') + *-(i)ṭV- 'straight, right'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ṭaj-la-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straight

Lak form: ṭajla-s:a

Comments: Khosr. ṭajla-s:a id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *(ʔi)ṭV- / *ṭVṭV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 right 2 vertical, even

Kryz: ṭä-b 1

Udi: t:ot:o-z 2

Comment: Udi reflects a reduplicated stem (typical for many adjectival roots).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[dh]ĕŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straight

Chinese: 正 *teŋs straight, correct, 貞 *treŋ id.

Tibetan: draŋ straight.

Burmese: tańʔ be straightward, direct from one point to another.

Kachin: diŋ¹ be straight, rectilinear.

Lushai: diŋ right, right-handed (cf. also dīŋ go straight or direct, as arrow).

Lepcha: diŋ 1 to be erect, to be high, to be perpendicular; the highest point or degree 2 to stand, to remain, to exist

Comments: Simon 15; Luce 62.

Chinese characters :

Character: 正

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhèng

Preclassic Old Chinese: teŋs

Classic Old Chinese: teŋh

Western Han Chinese: teŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ćeŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćèŋ

Middle Chinese: ćèŋ

English meaning : to be straight, correct; govern; determine

Comments: Also read *teŋ, MC ćeŋ, Mand. zhēng 'center of target; first (month)' ( = Viet. chiếng, although the Viet. tone corresponds rather to MC ćèŋ). Viet. chiếng is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is chính. A loan from another dialectal source is probably Viet. giêng 'the first month of the lunar year'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0833 j-n

Vietnamese reading: chiếng

Jianchuan Bai: ?tuĩ4

Dali Bai: cer3, ?tui5

Bijiang Bai: ?te4, tui4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 184

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 正

MC description : A: 梗開三平清章; B: 梗開三去勁章

ZIHUI: A: 2973 2461; B: 2973 2466

Beijing: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3

Jinan: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3

Xi'an: A: c̣ǝŋ 11; B: c̣ǝŋ 3

Taiyuan: A: cǝŋ 1; B: cǝŋ 3

Hankou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3

Chengdu: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3

Yangzhou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 3

Suzhou: A: cǝn 11; B: cǝn 31

Wenzhou: A: ceŋ 11; B: ceŋ 31

Changsha: A: c̣ǝn 11; B: c̣ǝn 31

Shuangfeng: A: ćin 11; B: ćin 31

Nanchang: A: caŋ 11; B: cǝn 31

Meixian: A: cǝn 11 (lit.); caŋ 11; B: cǝn 3

Guangzhou: A: čîŋ 11; B: čîŋ 31

Xiamen: A: cîŋ 12 (lit.); ciã 11; B: cîŋ 31 (lit.); ciã 31

Chaozhou: A: ciã 11; B: ciã 31

Fuzhou: A: ciŋ 11 (lit.); ciŋ 11; B: ceiŋ 31 (lit.); ciaŋ 31

Shanghai: A: cǝŋ 1; B: cǝŋ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: čiǝŋ 1; B: čiǝŋ 3

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tat-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: straight, direct

Ket: tatǝŋ⁵; Kur. tāt / tātkǝ¹ "to the right"

Yug: tatɨŋ⁵; tatɨlɨŋ "to the right"

Kottish: that- in thatā d́ēginaŋ, thateŋ ātha, thāt-ōgan "to pass over, lead through"

Arin: tedenga (Лоск.) "directly"

Comments: ССЕ 281. Cf. also *tet- 'across' (these two stems may be historically related). Werner 2, 245 *t^hat^h-.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *tVj

Meaning: (right) hand

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *tǝj

Austroasiatic meaning: hand

Munda parallels: Khr tig

Miao-Yao parallels: *P-te^B hand

Proto-Austronesian: *qatai

Austronesian meaning: side of canoe opposite the outrigger; right hand

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tǝj

Meaning: hand

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *tǝj

Proto-Bahnaric: *ti

Khmer: taj < OK taj

Proto-Pearic: *ti.N

Proto-Vietic: *sVj

Proto-Monic: *tǝj

Proto-Palaungic: *ta:jʔ V?

Proto-Khmu: *tiʔ

Khasi: kti

Proto-Aslian: *ti:(ŋ)

References: Kh 714; VHL 75; S-163

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *tǝj

Meaning: hand, arm

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *tǝj

Proto-East Katuic: *t[ǝj]

References: P-985; TK5.55

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *tǝj

Meaning: hand, arm

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ʔati.T

Bru Van Keu meaning: hand

So: ʔati.B R?

So meaning: hand

Bru: ʔǝtʌj.N

Bru meaning: hand

Kui: ʔǝte:.N

Kui meaning: hand

Kuay: tʌj.N

Kuay meaning: hand

Ngeu: ti:.N

Ngeu meaning: hand

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *t[ǝj]

Meaning: hand, arm

Presyllable: ʔǝ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔǝti:

Pakoh meaning: hand

Taojh: atǝj.L

Taojh meaning: hand, arm (PT-198)

Lao Katu: tǝj

Lao Katu meaning: hand

Ngeq: tej, tǝj

Ngeq meaning: hand

Kri: ti:

Chatong: ti:

Kantu dialects: ti:

Triw: ti:

Dakkan dialects (1): ti:

Dakkan dialects (2): ti:

Dakkan meaning: hand, arm

Katu dialects (1): tʌj

Katu dialects (2): tʌj

Katu dialects (3): taj

Katu meaning: hand

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ti

Meaning: hand

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ti:

Bahnar meaning: hand, arm

Proto-North Bahnaric: *ti.L

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ti

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ti

Harak: ti:

References: PNB-513, JS-813, TB5.49

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ti.L

Meaning: hand

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: ti.L

Rengao meaning: hand, arm

Jeh form: ti.L

Jeh meaning: hand, arm

Sedang form: taj.L

Sedang meaning: hand, arm (Sedang-Rengao)

Hre form: ti.L

Hre meaning: hand

References: PNB-513

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti

Meaning: hand, arm

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: ti:

Chrau meaning: hand, arm

Stieng form: ti:

Stieng meaning: hand, arm

References: SBS-269

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ti

Meaning: hand

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: tɛj, ti:

Jaru meaning: hand, arm

Lavi: tej

Juk: ti:

Nhaheung form: ti:

Nhaheung meaning: hand, arm

Brao form: ti:

Brao meaning: hand, arm

References: JS-813

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ti

Meaning: hand, arm

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ti:

Kaseng: ti:

Yaeh: ti:

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *ti

Meaning: hand, arm

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: ti:

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ṭe:

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: taj

Old Khmer Meaning: hand, arm

References: P220

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *ti.N

Meaning: hand

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: ti:.A

Chong meaning: hand

Song: ti:.A

Song meaning: hand

Kasong: ti:.A

Kasong meaning: hand

Samre: ti:.A

Samre meaning: hand

Suoi Kompong: daj

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *sVj

Meaning: hand

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: tay

Thomon: sai.4

Tum: sǝj.45

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *tǝj

Meaning: hand

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: taj

Old Mon: tej

Middle Mon: taj

Nyakur: tɛj.L

Nyakur meaning: hand

References: N148; S-163

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *lVʔ, *lV

Meaning: louse

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Angku: *bli:, N-; *li(j),

Lamet: plɛʔ.2, m- body louse LmB

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *bli:, N-; *li(j),

Meaning: body louse

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: bli.51

Gantang: pli.51

Mang'an: mpri.51

U: mli.2

References: WW-150; S-110

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *ti:(ŋ)

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: hand

Semelai: thi

Semoq Beri: ti

Jah-Hut: tiŋ

Temiar: ti:k

Notes: Diffloth believs that SEMAI tǝkŋ is a borrowing (p.c.)

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