Long-range etymologies : List with all references

Near etymology: укр. крупа, ст.-слав. кроупа ψιχίον, болг. кру́пка "крошка", сербохорв. кру́па "крупа, град", словен. krúpa "перловая, ячневая крупа", чеш. kroupa "крупа, град", слвц. krúpa, польск., в.-луж. krupa, н.-луж. kšuра.

Further etymology: Родственно лтш. kraũpis "парша; жаба", kr̨aũpa "бородавка, струп", лит. kraupùs "шершавый, неровный", krùpis "жаба", nu-krùpęs "покрытый струпьями", лтш. krupis, krupe "жаба", krupt, kr̨upt, -ùрu "съеживаться, сморщиваться", лит. krùpti "паршиветь", krùpis "малыш", далее др.-исл. hriúfr "шершавый, в струпьях", др.-англ. hréof -- то же, возм., также лтш. krups "крохотный", skrupata "крошка", алб. kripë "соль", гег. krурё (см. Хен, Dаs Salz 23 и сл.; Г. Майер, Alb. Wb. 206); ср. М.--Э. 2, 292, 295; Буга, РФВ 71, 50; Бернекер 1, 630; Перссон 262; Френкель, ВSрr. 59; Шпехт, KZ 69, 133. Другая ступень чередования: кро́пкий "хрупкии, ломкий" (из *кръпъкъ).

Pages: 2,386

vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,

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Baltic etymology :

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Proto-Baltic: *kraũp-u- adj., *krup- vb. intr., *kreûp-ia- (1) c., *kreûp-ā̂, -iā̃ (1) f., *krup- vb. intr.; *skrup-at-ā̂ f.

Meaning: rough

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: kraupù- 'rauh, uneben, struppig, zottig', krùpti (krum̃pa, krùpō) 'schorfig, grindig, räudig werden', dial. at-krùpinti 'herangekrochen kommen wie eine Kröte'; krùpis 'Kröte'

Lettish: kr̨aũpis 'Krätze, Pferdekrätze; Schorf, Grind; Art von Ausschlägen an Kartoffeln; unebene, rauhe Rinde; Kröte', kr̨aũpe 'Krätze fv Vieh; grobe, unebene Rinde'; kr̨aupa 'Grind der Pferde; Warze, Grind; Unebenheit auf der Kartoffel'; krupe 'Kröte (weiblich, nur zur Bezeichnung eines kleines, reizenden Mädchens); krupis, kr̨upis 'Kröte'; kr̨upt/krupt (-ùpu, -upu) 'grindig, räudig werden, verkümmern, zusammenschrumpfen, bersten, hocken, faulen', krups 'winzig' || skrupata 'Krümchen, Wenig'

baltet-meaning,baltet-prnum,baltet-lith,baltet-lett,

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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *xriubá-, *xriu[f]ō; *xrū[f]ia-n, *xrū[f]ōn, *(ge-)xrubá-; *skruf=

Meaning: rough

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: hrjūf-r `uneben, rauh; schorfig', hrǖfi n. `Schorf', hrūfa f. `Wundkruste, Schorf'

Norwegian: rü `rauh', rjuva `nackter Felsrücken'; dial. ruva

Swedish: skroflig `uneben, rauh'; ruva

Old Danish: skrub `Unebenheit'

Danish: roe

Old English: hrēof

Old High German: ge-rob `grob, dick, tief tönend' (um 1000); (h)riob `aussätzig' (9.Jh.), hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf (8.Jh.) { pl. hruvi } `Schorf, Aussatz'

Middle High German: { gerop }; ruf(e) st./wk. f. 'schorf, aussatz', EaHG ruf(e) `Schorf, Aussatz' (15.Jh.)

German: bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', bair., schweiz. rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf'

germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 1042

Root: kreup-

English meaning: scab

German meaning: `Schorf, sich verkrusten'

Material: Gall. cruppellarii `gepanzerte Gladiatoren der Aedui', brit. Mons Graupius (leg. *Croupios), wegen des idg. p veneto-illyr. Herkunft (Pokorny Urillyr. 131);

aisl. hrjūfr `rauh, schorfig', hrȳfe `Schorf', hrūfa `Wundrinde', ags. hrēof `rauh, schorfig, aussätzig', ahd. riob `aussätzig', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, mhd. ruf `Blatter, Schorf, Grind, Aussatz', nhd. bair. ruff f. `Kruste auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', rüfe, riefe `Aussatz, Schorf', ahd. ge-rob, nhd. grob;

lit. su-si-kraũpti `zusammenschauern', nu-krùpęs `schorfig', kraupùs `rauh', lett. kŕaũpa `Grind, Warze', kŕaũpis `Grind; Kröte' (von der warzigen Haut; apr. crupeyle `Frosch'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `verschrumpfen', krupis `Kröte, Zwerg'; vom Rauhwerden der Haut (`Gänsehaut') auch lit. pakraũpti, kruptis `schaudern, erschrecken'.

Dagegen russ. krúpnyj `grobkörnig; groß', čech. krupý `rudis' zunächst zu abg. krupa `Brocken, Krümchen', usw. [dazu ablautend alb. krip(ë), krüp f. `Salz' (*krūpā)]; diese Sippe wohl eigentl. `Abgebrochenes' oder dgl. zu kreu-3, krou-s- `brechen, stoßen', s. dort.

References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.

Pages: 623

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Afroasiatic etymology :

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Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳʷi/arab-

Meaning: bark, skin

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at- 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2

Central Chadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?) 'bark'

East Chadic: *kilab- (<*kirab-?) 'skin'

Beḍauye (Beja): kurbe 'skin'

Central Cushitic (Agaw): *kwarb- (?) 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2

Omotic: *ḳurub- 'bark'

Notes: Cf. *ḳʷirap- 'bark'.

afaset-meaning,afaset-prnum,afaset-sem,afaset-cch,afaset-ech,afaset-bed,afaset-agw,afaset-omo,afaset-notes,

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Semitic etymology :

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Number: 2594

Proto-Semitic: *ḳʷirb-at-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'leather bag or basket' 2

Arabic: ḳirbat- 2 ('grande outre à lait ou à eau faite d'une seule peau cousue au milieu') BK 2 704

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ḳʷǝrbābit 2 ('leather bag') LGz 440 ("probably reconstructed from Amh ḳʷǝrbabičča")

Tigrai (Tigriñña): ḳwǝrbät 1

Amharic: ḳorbät 1, ḳäräbbō 2 ('corbeille tressée avec le cuir de la tête du boeuf') Baet

semet-proto,semet-prnum,semet-meaning,semet-ara,semet-gzz,semet-tgy,semet-amh,

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Central Chadic etymology :

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Proto-CChadic: *kwalab- (<*ḳwarab-?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bark'

Mandara=Wandala: kwàlàbàa

Notes: In Mandara group, l may originate from *r, and *ḳ yeilds *k.

cchet-prnum,cchet-meaning,cchet-mnd,cchet-notes,

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East Chadic etymology :

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Proto-EChadic: *kilab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin'

Lele: kīlābá [Grg]

echet-prnum,echet-meaning,echet-lle,

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Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

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Bedauye: kurbe

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin'

bedet-prnum,bedet-meaning,

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Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymology :

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Proto-Agaw: *kwarb-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'skin' 1, 'bark' 2

Khamta: kerbir 2

Qwara: korbē 1

Qemant: kʷɔrɛvɛ 1

agwet-prnum,agwet-meaning,agwet-xmt,agwet-kwr,agwet-kem,

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Omotic etymology :

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Proto-Omotic: *ḳurub-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'bark'

Ometo: ḳurubi SIFKJa 67

Male: ḳurubi Fl

omoet-prnum,omoet-meaning,omoet-ome,omoet-mle,

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *qā́rṗV

Meaning: coat, shell

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q_ārṗV / *ṗārq_V

Sino-Tibetan: *qrāp

Yenisseian: Cf. Kott. (Werner 1, 325) hōp(e)tal 'Satteldecke, Teppich'?

Comments and references : [Cf. Bur. Yas. ɣupáltiŋ `trousers'?] [If there are 2 roots in NC - cf. PST *bhǝ̆k 'garment'?]

sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-notes,

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North Caucasian etymology :

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Proto-North Caucasian: *q_ārṗV / *ṗārq_V

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: outerwear, fur-coat

Proto-Nakh: *bēq

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q:aba-

Proto-Lak: barq̇-ut

Proto-Dargwa: *ṗarq̇

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ap:a(r)čaj

Notes: A rather complicated case (as is usual with cultural words). First, we must for phonetic and semantic reasons dismiss the possibility of borrowing from Arab. ḳabāʔ 'langärmeliges Obergewand' (which, however, is also present in Tsezian languages: Bezht., Gunz. ḳaba, Gin. ḳoboj 'shirt'). Second, we must exclude interlingual borrowings: Arch. part:uq̇ 'fur-coat' from Lak. (barq̇ut, dial. bartuq̇ with metathesis); Lak. q:awaču ( < *q:abaču) from Avar or from Lezghian languages; some of the Andian forms also may be borrowed from Avar. Lezghian (Tab., Rut.) forms could be also considered as Avar loanwords. However, there are reasons to reconstruct the derivate *q_ārṗV-čV (or *-ćV) already for PEC, cf. Hurr. qurbiži 'garment worn under mail-coat or helm' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 18), which was borrowed in Akk. kurbisu, gurpisu. Thus the PL form *q̇ap:a(r)čaj may well be genuine (with a shift of laryngeal features usual for roots containing two or more stops).

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,

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Nakh etymology :

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Proto-Nakh: *bēq

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Chechen: beq

Ingush: beq

Comments: Obl. base *bēqa- (Chech. bēqa-, Ing. beqo). 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing.

nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-comment,

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Avar-Andian etymology :

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Protoform: *q:aba-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Avar: q:abárča

Chadakolob: q:apača

Andian language: q:apa, q:apača

Akhvakh: q:āča

Chamalal: q:abača

Tindi: q:abača

Comments: Av. paradigm C (q:abčí-l, q:úrču-l). The simple stem is preserved only in And. (with an assimilation *-b- > -p-). All other languages reflect the derivate *q:abarča ( < *q:arba-ča). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Ratl. q:abača. Another PAA derivate is reflected in Av. q:abá-lu (-dul, q:abála-bi) 'women's outer garment', And. q:alabej ( < *q:aba-laj) 'a k. of outer garment', Cham. q:abala 'traditional women's garment').

aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-comment,

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Lak etymology :

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Lak root: barq̇-ut

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Lak form: barq̇ut

laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,

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Dargwa etymology :

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Proto-Dargwa: *ṗarq̇

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Akusha: ṗarq̇ (Kub.)

darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,

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Lezghian etymology :

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Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ap:a(r)čaj

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fur-coat

Tabasaran: q̇abačej (Khaid)

Rutul: q:abačaj

Comment: See Хайдаков 1973, 93.

lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-comment,

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qrāp

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: scale, shell

Chinese: 甲 *krāp protecting cover of a shield; scale, armour; buffer coat.

Tibetan: khrab shield, buckler; coat of mail, scales.

Burmese: hrap little basket-shell; k. of jacket (cf. also khjap hauberk < Tib. or Chin.?).

Kachin: kop² a crust, rind, shell; mǝkop² to cover, shield, defend.

Lepcha: grop to cover with hands, as face; to cover with hand, as when catching fly, etc; to pounce upon as cat on mouse with paws; to hide, to shelter, to shroud

Kiranti: *khrǝ́p

Comments: Luce 36; Peiros-Starostin 218; Coblin 131.

stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,

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Chinese characters :

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Character: 甲

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎ

Preclassic Old Chinese: krāp

Classic Old Chinese: krāp

Western Han Chinese: krāp

Eastern Han Chinese: krāp

Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p

Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄p

Middle Chinese: kạp

Fanqie: 吉鴨

Rhyme class: 洽

English meaning : mail-coat, armor; the first of the Heavenly Stems

Russian meaning[s]: 1) первый знак десятиричного цикла; первый, главный; "А"; быть первым, возглавлять; 2) возраст, годы; 3) латы; броня; доспехи; панцырь, щит (животных); ногти; 4) "цзя" (объединение 10 дворов в системе круговой поруки в деревне)

Shuowen gloss: 東方之孟陽气萌動. 從木. 戴孚甲之象. 一曰. 人頭宜為甲. 甲象人頭. 凡甲之屬皆從甲.

Comments: PST *qruap, cf. Tib. khrab 'shield, buckler; coat of mail, scales', Burm. hrap 'a sea shell; male upper coat' (cf. also khjap 'coat of mail' < Tib.?); Kach. kop31 'a crust, rind, shell', makop31 'to cover, shield, defend'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 102

Four-angle index: 2633

Karlgren code: 0629 a-d

Jianchuan Bai: -kɛ6

Dali Bai: -ker6

Bijiang Bai: -qa6

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 199

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 甲

MC description : 咸開二入狎見

ZIHUI: 3946 0085

Beijing: ćia 2

Jinan: ćia 11

Xi'an: ćia 11

Taiyuan: ćiaʔ 41

Hankou: ćia 12

Chengdu: ćia 12

Yangzhou: kaʔ 4; ćiaʔ 4 (lit.)

Suzhou: ćiaʔ 41 (lit.); kaʔ 41

Wenzhou: ka 41

Changsha: ćia 4

Shuangfeng: ka 12

Nanchang: kat 41

Meixian: kap 41

Guangzhou: kāp 43

Xiamen: kap 41 (lit.); kaʔ 41

Chaozhou: kaʔ 41

Fuzhou: kaʔ 41

Shanghai: ćiaʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: ka 42

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Kiranti etymology :

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Proto-Kiranti: *khrǝ́p

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: cover

Tulung: khrep- cover, 'khrem covering

Kaling: 'khrwɔmnä ('khrwɔptu) cover, close (a book), 'khrwɔn lid

Limbu: khōpmaʔ

Kulung: khǝm 'lid of a pot', khǝmma 'cover, put the lid on a pot'

kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-kul,

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Limbu dictionary :

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Entry: kho:pmaʔ, -kho:pt-/-kho:p-

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vt.

Meaning: reach (around smth.), embrace and close about, engirdle something

limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,

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Kulung dictionary :

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Entry: khǝm

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: lid of a pot

Nepali: birko, ḍhakanā.

kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,kulet-nepali,

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