Long-range etymologies : List with all references

Borean (approx.) : HVRV

Meaning : ungulate

Eurasiatic : *ʔirV

Afroasiatic : *ʕay/wr- (also Sem. *yVʕr- 'kid, calf, goat', see ND 2646)

Reference : ND 143, 2646.

Eurasiatic: *ʔirV

Meaning: ungulate

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ē̆r- (?)

Uralic: ? Z yɛra 'elk'

Kartvelian: Georg. irem- 'deer'

Dravidian: SDr *IraLai 'deer'

References: ND 76 *ʔerq[i] 'ruminant' (IE), 143 *ʕir[i] 'ungulate' (IE, K), 2646 *yerʡV 'young of a ruminant animal' (FU + same Drav. + incorr. Turk.).

Proto-IE: *ar-/e-

Meaning: lamb, kid

Armenian: oroǯ `agnus, -a', erinǯ `vitula, juvenca, bos'

Old Greek: éripho-s m., f. `junger Bock, junge Ziege'

Slavic: *ā́rъka, *ā́rę̄, *ā́rьcь

Baltic: *ē̂r-a- (1) c., *ēr-ist-ia- n.

Latin: ariēs, gen. -etis m. `Widder, Schafbock; Seewidder'

Other Italic: Umbr erietu `arietem'

Celtic: OIr heirp `dama, capra', MIr earb, fearb `Damtier'

Russ. meaning: скот (ягненок, козленок)

References: WP I 135 f

Word: яри́на

Near etymology: II "овечья шерсть", цслав. ярина ἔριον, болг. я́рина "шерсть, козья шерсть", сербохорв. jа̏рина, jарѐница "шерсть ягненка". Родственно лит. ė́ras "ягненок", др.-прусск. eristian "ягненок", греч. ἔριφος "козел", лат. аriеs "баран", умбр. erietu "arietem". Вероятно, также арм. оrоǰ "ягненок"; см. И. Шмидт, Vok. 2, 484; Лиден, Armen. Stud. 23 и сл.; Траутман, ВSW 70; Арr. Sprd. 331; Френкель, IF 69, 307; ZfslPh 11, 36 и сл.; Lit. Wb. 121; Бернекер I, 447; Вальде -- Гофм. I, 67.

Pages: 4,560

Proto-Baltic: *ē̂r-a- (1) c., *ēr-ist-ia- n.

Meaning: lamb

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: ḗra-s, jḗra-s `Lamm'

Lettish: ję̃rs `Lamm'

Old Prussian: eristian `Lämmchen' V. 681

Number: 497

Root: er-2, eri-

English meaning: goat; sheep

German meaning: `Bock; Schaf, Kuh, Damtier'; vielleicht ursprünglich `Horntier'

Material: Arm. or-oj (assimil. aus *er-oj) `agnus, agna', erinj `δάμαλις, vitula, iuvenca, bos';

gr. ἔριφος (*eri-bho-) m. f. `Böcklein, junge Ziege';

lat. ariēs, -etis `Widder, Mauerbrecher' (a nach aper, caper); umbr. erietu `arietem';

air. heirp (*erbhī-) f. `dama, capra', erb(b) `Kuh' (*erbhā), mir. (mit sekundärem f-) ferb(b) ds., nir. earb, fearb f. `Rotwild, Kuh', schott.-gäl. earb f. `Reh'; zu kelt. *erbā : ἔριφος vgl. gr. σέρφος : σέριφος `Insekt'; nach Kleinhans (Ét. Celt. 1, 173) hierher mir. reithe `Widder' aus *ri-i̯o-ti̯o-;

in apr. eristian `Lämmchen', lit. (j)ė́ras, lett. jêrs `Lamm', litt. ėrienà `Lammfleisch' = russ.-ksl. jarina `Wolle', usw., sind wohl bsl. *ero- `Bock' und *jōrā- `Jahr' (s. oben S. 297) vermischt worden;

ahd. irah `Bock' usw. ist aus lat. hircus entlehnt.

References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.

Pages: 326

PIE database: PIE database

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕay/wr-

Meaning: donkey (and horse?)

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʕayr- '(male) donkey'

Egyptian: *ʕVr- 'ass'

Western Chadic: *(H)awr- 'donkey' (otherwise <*ḥ(i/uw)ar(r)- '(young of) donkey, camel')

Omotic: *(H)awar- 'horse'

Notes: Cf. HSED 243 (Ugr, Hbr, Arm, Arb; Eg; Omot.); EDE I, 92 (Hbr, Arb; Eg; Pero). Otherwise rel. to Sem *ḥVwār-

Number: 1977

Proto-Semitic: *ʕayr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: '(male) donkey'

Ugaritic: ʕr 'jumento, asno' [DLU 87]. // The principal term for donkey in literary texts: mdl ʕr ṣmd pḥl 'they harnessed the donkey, saddled the ass' (1.4 IV 9), yštn ʔat_rt lbmt ʕr 'they put ʔat_rt on the back of an ass' (1.4 IV 14), wšḳrb ʕr mšr 'sacrifice the "ass of justice"' (1.40 26), hn ʕr 'here is the ass!' (1.40 34).

Hebrew: ʕayir 'male donkey' [KB 822], pB. ʕayir 'foal, young full-grown ass' [Ja. 1720], ʕīr 'foal of a donkey' [ibid.]. // Well attested in the morphologically interesting plural form ʕăyārīm. The variant ʕīr is a Hapax in Gn 49.11 (ʔōsǝrī laggäpän ʕīrō 'one who ties his ass to a vine'). The meaning 'young ass, foal', typical of the postBiblical language, is most probably attested already in Gn 32.16 (ʔătōnōt waʕyārīm 'donkey mares and foals', following a number of similar word-pairs). In the difficult passage Jb 11.12 ʕ. is probably applied to a wild ass.

Judaic Aramaic: *ʕayir (only in the pl. ʕayrīn) 'foal' [Ja. 1075], [Levy WTM III 643]. // Sam. ʕyr 'young ass' [Tal 634].

Arabic: ʕayr- 'âne domestique, commun; onagre, âne sauvage', ʕayrat- 'ânesse et femelle de l'onagre', ʕuyayr, ʕiyayr- 'ânon, poulain d'âne ou d'onagre' [BK 2 419], [LA IV 620ff.], [Lane 2208] (see [Hommel 127- 132]).

Tigre: ʕayro 'young camel three years old', fig. 'young man' [LH 480].

Mehri: ḥayr 'male donkey' [JM 198], ḥīrīt 'female donkey' [ibid.].

Jibbali: (Kathīri) aḥyɛ́r id. [JH 65].

Harsusi: ḥayr 'donkey' [JH 65], ḥayrēt 'she-donkey' [ibid.].

Notes: The earliest evidence for this root is h̊āru (h̊aʔaru, ayaru) 'donkey foal' [CAD h̊ 118], [AHw. 328] in OB Mari, clearly borrowed from WS. The term is always found in the combination h̊āram ḳatālum 'to kill an ass' in passages dealing with peace treaties, agreements etc. (e.g. h̊a-a-ra-am ša salīmim ḳutul Syria 19 108:18). The growing number of such stereotype contexts (cf. references in [Streck 94]) would point to an idiomatic expression for 'concluding a treaty' but the famous passage from ARM 2 37 shows that a sacrifice was actually implied ([h̊a]-a-ra-am DUMU a-ta-ni-im [a]-na-ku ú-ša-aḳ-ti-il 'I made [them] kill a (young?) ass, offspring of a donkey mare' - having refused the offerings of a goat and a puppy!). // Cf. Arb. ʕīr- 'caravane des chameaux ou d'autres bêtes de somme chargées de vivres' [BK 2 419], [LA IV 624]; Sab. ʕr 'caravan' [SD 24]. // Comparison with Akk. urû 'Hengst' MB [AHw. 1435], though superficially attractive, is hardly tenable since the above quoted meaning for u. is very doubtful (cf. [Deller 312-13]: 'Gespann'). As for urītu 'Stute' [AHw. 1431], its very existence as the reading of the logogram MÍ.ANS̆E.KUR.RA is at best questionable according to von Soden. // [Fron. 31]: *ʕayr- 'asino (maschio)' (Mhr., Arb., Hbr., Jud., Ugr.); [KB 822]: Hbr., Ugr., Akk. (Mari), Arb.; [DLU 87]: Ugr., Hbr., Arb., Akk. (Mari); [Firmage 1152]: Hbr., Ugr., Arb. (what is meant by ʕr in the section "ESA/Ethiopic" remains unclear).

Old Egyptian: ʕꜣ (OK)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'donkey'

Proto-WChadic: *(H)awr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'donkey'

Pero: áurà 'donkey' Fr. 1985, 21

Proto-Omotic: *(H)awar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'horse'

Kafa (Kaficho): awarō 'cavallo' Cer Kf., 408

East Mao (Diddesa): wɔɔre 'horse' HSED 1081

Long-range etymologies :

Nostratic etymology :

Indo-European etymology :

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Pokorny's dictionary :

Afroasiatic etymology :

Semitic etymology :

Egyptian etymology :

West Chadic etymology :

Omotic etymology :