Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLMV

Meaning : a k. of tree?

Eurasiatic : *ʔilVmV

Afroasiatic : *ʔalVn- (cf. also *lam(ʔ)- )

Sino-Caucasian : *ʎwɨŋ(-dV) ?

Austric : PAA *luoŋ 'tree, wood', PAN *aliten / *aluten 'brand, wood, firewood'

Reference : Ndr 15-16 (IE-Alt.)

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔilVmV

Meaning: elm

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *^elem-

Altaic: *ʔilVmV

Uralic: *δ́e̮me (*δ́ōme) Traubenkirsche, Ahlkirsche; cf. also *lemšV (*leme-šV)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ɫɨjomča (~ *l-) ива, тополь

References: Ndr 33 *[ʔ]El̄(i)mA 'tree (elm or the like)'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *^elem-

Meaning: elm

Slavic: *jьlьmъ `Ulme'

Germanic: *ilm-a- m., *alm-a- m., *ulm-ō(n-) f.

Latin: ulmus, -ī f. `Ulme, Rüster'

Celtic: *lima- > Gaul Lemo-, Limo-; MIr lem `Ulme'; *leimā > Cymr llwyf `Ulme'

Russ. meaning: дерево (вяз)

References: WP I 151 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *ilma-z, *alma-z, *ulmō(n)

Meaning: elm

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: alm-r m. `Ulme; Bogen'

Norwegian: alm

Swedish: alm

Danish: elm

Old English: elm (ellm), -es m. `elm, elm-tree', ulm-trēow n. `id.'

Middle Dutch: olme

Dutch: olm m.

Middle Low German: elm

Old High German: elmo (um 800), elm (Hs. 12.Jh.), ëlmboum (10.Jh.), ilma (Hs. 12.Jh.); ulm-boum (Hs. 12.Jh.)

Middle High German: ëlm(e) st. f. 'ulme'

German: Ulme f., frünhd. Ulme, Olme

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ilVmV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: elm-tree, mulberry-tree

Turkic: *ilme

Mongolian: *(h)ilama

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ilme

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 asp-tree 2 elm-tree

Russian meaning: 1 осина 2 ильм, вяз

Tatar: elmä 2

Chuvash: jǝʷlme 2

Noghai: elmen 1

Balkar: elme 1

Kumyk: elme 2

Comments: VEWT 338, Егоров 78, Федотов 1, 194, Дмитриева 189, Лексика 126. The word is attested late (like many tree names), but borrowing from Russ. ильм is hardly possible; the Russian word, usually considered a Germanism (MHG ilme etc.), may equally well be explained as a Turkism (see Егоров ibid.). The resemblance of PT *ilme and PIE *l̥mo- / *olmo- is interesting, but probably accidental (if the Turkic word indeed goes back to PA *p`i̯ule).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *(h)ilama

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mulberry-tree

Russian meaning: тутовое дерево

Written Mongolian: ilama, ilma

Khalkha: jalma

Buriat: jalma

Kalmuck: ilm, ilmǝ

Uralic etymology :

Number: 123

Proto: *δ́e̮me (*δ́ōme)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: birdcherry

German meaning: Traubenkirsche, Ahlkirsche

Finnish: tuomi (gen. tuomen) 'Traubenkirschbaum, Ahlbaum, Faulbaum'

Estonian: toom (gen. toome, toomi, tooma) 'Traubenkirsche; Prunus Padus L.'

Saam (Lapp): duobmâ -m- (N) 'Prunus Padus', fuom (Ruija), tuomm^a (Ko. Not.)

Mordovian: ĺom (E), lajmä (M) 'Faulbeerbaum; Prunus padus'

Mari (Cheremis): lom-bǝ̑ (KB), lom-bo (U B) 'Faulkirsche, Traubenkirschbaum; Prunus padus, Ahlbaum'

Udmurt (Votyak): ĺe̮m (S), ĺȯm (K) 'Traubenkirsche, Vogelkirsche', ĺe̮m-pu (G) 'Traubenkirschbaum'

Komi (Zyrian): ĺe̮m (ĺe̮mj-) 'Traubenkirsche, Ahlkirsche', ĺu̇m (PO) 'Traubenkirsche' ( > Khanty O ĺom 'Ahlkirsche')

Khanty (Ostyak): jɔm (V), jum (DN) 'Ahlkirsche'

Mansi (Vogul): ĺēm (TJ, LU), ĺām (KU, So.), ĺē̮m (KO)

Selkup: čē̮m (TaU), t́ew (Ča.) 'Traubenkirsche; Prunus Padus', tjeuwa (Ke.) 'id., Ahlkirsche'

Kamass: lem 'Traubenkirsche'

Janhunen's version: (82) *d'i6xmi6

Sammalahti's version: *d'i6xmi6

References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; Donn.VglWb. 550; Stein.Fgr.Vok. 45; ИВПЯ 144; Collinder Comp.Gr. 62, 142, 161, 378

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ɫɨjomča (~ *l-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): ива, тополь

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ʒomša-n (~ ĺ-)

Proto-Itelmen: *ɫiwŭmč

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *ʒomša-n (~ ĺ-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): кора ивы 1, ива 2, красить краской из коры 3, съедобный корень осоки 4

Chukchee: jómǝr (jomrá-jpǝ abl.) 1, palq-omra=lɣǝn, pɛlkumrɛ́= 4

Koryak: jomjat- 3

Palan: ĺomta-n, ĺemta-n 2

Comments: В чук. также и 'кора тополя', прежде употреблявшаяся в пищу. Для 'осоки' - 'старая кора'. Инэнликэй 93.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *ɫiɣʷŭmč

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): тополь

Itelmen: ɫiwumč (ɫiwumč-e'n pl.)

Itelmen meaning: тополь

West Itelmen: xi'umt, siɣimč 1, 'atx-šiɣimč 2

West Itelmen meaning: populus 1, populus tremula 2

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): topola 1, osika 2

South Itelmen: kumunut

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): populus nigra

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): topola czarna, sokora

Number in Volodin 1976: 127

Comments: В зап. камч. 'atx-šiɣimč буквально 'белый тополь'. Для юж. камч. может быть лучше зап. камч. šumnǝt 'жимолость, wiciokrzew (gat.), lonicera sp.' (Дыбовский 1, 154).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔalVn-

Meaning: tree

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʔaly-ān- '(oak)tree'

Egyptian: Cf. ʕnn.w (med) 'tree'

Central Chadic: *luHun- 'tree'

Notes: Ch *la/yan- 'bush' (W DB lan, E Dangla lɛ̀lnyɔ̀) probably does not belong to this root.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1341

Proto-Semitic: *ʔaly-ān-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: '(oak)tree'

Akkadian: aliānu 'oak; acorn' OAkk on CAD A1 354

Ugaritic: alt 'soporte, pilar?' DLU 32

Hebrew: ʔēl-īm pl. 'mighty tree' HAL 40; ʔallā 'majestic tree' ibid. 52, ʔallōn 'any big tree', pB 'oak, acorn' HAL 54

Aramaic: Pal ʔīlān 'tree'

Biblical Aramaic: ʔīlān 'tree'

Syrian Aramaic: ʔīlān- 'tree'

Modern Aramaic: Urm ʔīlān- 'tree'

Mandaic Aramaic: alan- 'tree'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: ʕnn.w (med)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tree'

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *luHun-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tree'

Mbara: luŋ [TMba]

Munjuk: luwuŋ [TMnj]

Musgu: lūŋ, pl. lūaŋai [LMsg]

Notes: -ŋ- < *n under the influence of a laryngeal

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʎwǝŋdV

Meaning: a k. of tree

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʎwɨndV ( ~ -i-, -ā-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lăŋ

Basque: *i=ɫhinti

Comments and references : ?; BCD 34.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʎwɨndV ( ~ -i-, -ā-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wood, firewood

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʎundV

Proto-Tsezian: *ʎʷɨ̃dV A

Notes: An And.-Tsez. isogloss. A perfect phonetic match is Lak. (Khosr.) x:undu-ti 'a stick for working leather', but the meaning raises some doubts.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʎundV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wood, firewood

Andian language: ʎudi

Akhvakh: ʎuda

Chamalal: ʎunni

Tindi: ʎuji

Karata: ʎuda

Botlikh: hudi

Bagvalal: hur (Kvan.)

Godoberi: ʎudi

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. ʎudi, Bagv. Tlis. ʎuda.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʎʷɨ̃dV A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wood, firewood

Tsezi: redu

Ginukh: rede

Khvarshi: lida

Inkhokvari: lɨdo

Bezhta: hũdo

Gunzib: hũdu

Comments: PTsKh *RɨdV; PGB *hũdu (cf. also Bezht. Tlad., Khosh. hudo).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Chinese: 橡 *lhaŋʔ acorn.

Tibetan: glaŋ a large k. of alpine willow.

Chinese characters :

Character: 橡

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiàng

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhaŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lháŋ

Western Han Chinese: lháŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: zháŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: zháŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zháŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: zháŋ

Middle Chinese: zjáŋ

English meaning : acorn

Russian meaning[s]: 1) желудь; 2) яп. бот. каштан (Aesculus turbinata); 3) каучуковое дерево, каучуконосы

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5623

Karlgren code: 0728 f

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2162

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 橡

MC description : 宕開三上養邪

ZIHUI: 2895 2353

Beijing: śiaŋ 3

Jinan: śiaŋ 3

Xi'an: śiaŋ 3

Taiyuan: śia_̃ 3

Hankou: śiaŋ 3

Chengdu: śiaŋ 3

Yangzhou: śiâŋ 3

Suzhou: ziaŋ 32

Wenzhou: ɦi 22

Changsha: sian 31

Shuangfeng: ʒ́iaŋ 32

Nanchang: śiɔŋ 32

Meixian: chiɔŋ 3

Guangzhou: čö_ŋ 32

Xiamen: siɔŋ 32

Chaozhou: chiẽ 22

Fuzhou: suɔŋ 32

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *i=ɫhinti

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: firebrand, ember

Bizkaian: ilinti, ilindi, illenti, illeti

Gipuzkoan: illeti

High Navarrese: illeti

Salazarese: illendi

Lapurdian: ilhendi, illeti

Zuberoan: ilhínti

Roncalese: (Uztárroz) ilinti, (Vidángoz) illindi

Comments: Cf. ilindi (ANV, BZT, SAL, LAB) 'dead ear of wheat', probably < *'dry thing'. Some northern dialects have expressive variants itxindi, itxendi.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVʔn (? *lVtVʔn)

Meaning: wood

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *luoŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: tree, wood

Proto-Austronesian: *aliten / *aluten

Austronesian meaning: brand, firewood

Notes: ?

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *luoŋ

Meaning: tree, wood

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *luɔŋ

Proto-Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ

Proto-Vietic: *laŋ, kǝ-

Proto-Monic: M bluiŋ

Proto-Khmu: *lɔ:ŋ

Proto-Aslian: *dǝlɔŋ

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *luɔŋ

Meaning: wood

Presyllable: ʔǝ(N)-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *luaŋ

Proto-East Katuic: *lɔ:ŋ

References: P-413; TK4.21

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *luaŋ

Meaning: wood

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ʔaluaŋ

Bru Van Keu meaning: tree

So: ʔalu:a:ŋ.B

So meaning: wood

Bru: ʔǝluaŋ.B

Bru meaning: wood

Kui: ʔǝluaŋ.B

Kui meaning: wood

Kuay: ʔaluǝŋ.B

Kuay meaning: wood

Ngeu: lɔ:ŋ

Ngeu meaning: wood

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *lɔ:ŋ

Meaning: wood

Presyllable: ʔǝN-/#

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ʔǝlɔ:ŋ

Pakoh meaning: wood, tree

Taojh: llɔ:ŋ

Taojh meaning: wood, tree (PT-133)

Ngeq: lɔ:ŋ lɨǝj

Ngeq meaning: wood

Kri: ndâ:ŋ I?

Chatong: llɔ:ŋ

Kantu: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Kantu dialects: ndâ:ŋ

Kantu meaning: wood

Triw: lɔ:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (1): lâ:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (2): llɔ:ŋ

Dakkan meaning: wood

Katu dialects (1): nlâ:ŋ

Katu dialects (2): nlâ:ŋ

Katu dialects (3): nlɔ:ŋ

Katu meaning: tree, wood

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ

Meaning: tree, wood

Presyllable: ʔǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Bahnar meaning: tree, log, stick

Proto-North Bahnaric: *lo:ŋ.T, ʔ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ

Proto-West Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ, ʔǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ, ʔǝ-

Harak: ʔlɔ:ŋ

References: JS-471, TB4.12, TB4.25

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *lo:ŋ.T, ʔ-

Meaning: tree

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: lo:ŋ.T

Rengao meaning: tree

Jeh form: ʔlo:ŋ.T

Jeh meaning: tree

Sedang form: loaŋ.T

Sedang meaning: tree; ploŋ.L trunk

Hre form: loaŋ.T

Hre meaning: tree

Mo'dra: lo:ŋ.T

Didra: luoŋ.T

References: PNB-79, GS-28

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ

Meaning: firewood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: lɔ:ŋ

Chrau meaning: firewood

Stieng form: lɔ:ŋ

Stieng meaning: firewood

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ, ʔǝ-

Meaning: tree, wood

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Jaru meaning: tree, wood

Nhaheung form: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Nhaheung meaning: tree, wood

Brao form: lɔ:ŋ

Brao meaning: tree, wood

References: JS-471

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *lɔ:ŋ, ʔǝ-

Meaning: tree

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Kaseng: lɔ:ŋ P?

Yaeh: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *lɔ:ŋ, ʔǝ-

Meaning: tree

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: ʔlɔ:ŋ

Alak: ʔlɔ:ŋ wood

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *laŋ, kǝ-

Meaning: tree

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Tum: kǝl.0 khlaŋ.33

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *dǝlɔŋ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: tree

Semelai: dǝlɔŋ

Semoq Beri: dǝlɔŋ

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