Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVTV

Meaning : to lead, to go

Eurasiatic : *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')

Afroasiatic : *ʕadaw- ~ *waʕad- ~ *daʕ-; *ʔVtay- ~ *taw/y- (629)

Sino-Caucasian : *=ǝ̄tV

Austric : *dV(w)

Amerind (misc.) : *ta 'come; go' (R 142) [H C P]; ? *ṭa 'jump, fly' (R 282) [+ K]; *hiwet 'walk' (R 815) [H P]

Notes : Probably two (or more) roots: for Uralic cf. Alt. *oti 'to move'.

Reference : МССНЯ 333; ND 2461, 2462.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *wetV

Meaning: to lead

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *wedh- (Pok. 1115-1116) [probably = *wadh- 'to wade, ford', although -a- is not quite clear]

Altaic: *i̯ūd[u] (cf. also *idV)

Uralic: wetä- (cf. also *juta, *utka)

Kartvelian: *wed- / wid-

Comments: Probably two roots: for Uralic cf. PA *oti 'to move'; cf. also PK *xwed- 1191.

References: МССНЯ 333; ND 116 *ʕodu; 2461 *wVd[V]ʕV (adding also Mong. *(h)od- 'go, depart', but cf. *q[o]dV); 2462 *wedhA; 2566 *[χ]ud(Vʔ)V 'get somewhere, reach'.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *wedh- <PIH *w->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to lead

Hittite: uwate- (I) 'herbringen' (Friedrich 239); uda- (II) (if not = u+da-) 'herbringen, überbringen' (236-237)

Avestan: caus. vāδayeiti `führt, zieht, schleppt'

Slavic: *vedǭ, *vestī; *vodъ

Baltic: *wed- (*wed-a-) vb. tr.; *wad-a- m., *wad-ā̂ f., *wad-aw-a- c.; *wēd-in̂- vb.

Celtic: OIr fedid `führt', Cymr arweddu `führen, bringen', cyweddu `führen, worin bringen'

Russ. meaning: вести

References: WP I 255 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *wed- (*wed-a-) vb. tr.; *wad-a- m., *wad-ā̂ f., *wad-aw-a- c.; *wēd-in̂- vb.

Meaning: lead

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Old Lithuanian: vadava-s 'Führer, Leuter',

Lithuanian: vèsti (vẽda, vẽdē) `leiten, (an)führen, ab-, wefführen; Junge werfen (von Tieren)', vãda-s 'Führer', vadà 'Führen, Leiten'; ãpvada-s, ãpvada, apì-vada-s 'rings herumlaufender Streifen; Besatz'; pãvada-s 'Führer, Führung'; caus. vẽdinti 'führen'

Lettish: vads 'Führer; Führer auf den Dünaflössen, Steuermann, Hilfsarbeiter auf einem Floss', pavads '(Pferde)zügel'; vest (vędu, vedu) 'fahrend führen; führen, leiten leiten'; vadât (-ãju) 'anführen, viel führen, hin und her führen'

Old Prussian: west, prt. weddē 'führen'

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́du

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lead, direct

Russian meaning: вести, направлять

Turkic: *ɨ̄d-

Mongolian: *udu-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ɨ̄d-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to send

Russian meaning: посылать

Old Turkic: ɨd- (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ɨδ- (MK)

Middle Turkic: ij- (AH)

Turkmen: ɨj-

Khakassian: ɨs-

Shor: ɨs-

Oyrat: ij-, ɨs-

Chuvash: jar-

Yakut: ɨ̄t-

Dolgan: ɨ̄t-

Tuva: ɨt-

Tofalar: ɨt-

Kirghiz: ij-

Balkar: ij-

Karaim: ij-

Comments: EDT 37-38, VEWT 164, ЭСТЯ 1, 332-333, Егоров 354, Stachowski 263.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *udu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to lead, direct

Russian meaning: вести, направлять

Written Mongolian: udu- (L 862: udurid-)

Middle Mongolian: uduri- (HY 54, SH)

Khalkha: udir-

Buriat: udarida-

Kalmuck: udṛdǝ- (КРС)

Ordos: udu- 'donner la branle, mettre en train (une affaire)'

Baoan: durǝ-

Monguor: duru- (SM 67)

Comments: MGCD 667, TMN 1, 162-163.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1156

Proto: *wetä

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to lead

German meaning: führen, leiten, ziehen

Finnish: vetä- 'ziehen'

Estonian: veda- 'führen, anführen, ziehen, schleppen'

Mordovian: ved́a-, vit́i- (E), väd́a-, vät́e- (M) 'führen, leiten'

Mari (Cheremis): wiδe- (KB) wüδe- (U B) 'leiten'

Hungarian: vezet- 'führen, leiten, lenken, fahren', vezér 'Führer'

Nenets (Yurak): (wādā- 'aufziehen, erziehen; führen' - rejected by Redei)

Enets (Yen): (bará- Ch., badadda- B 'aufziehen' - rejected by Redei)

Nganasan (Tawgi): (badú- 'aufwachsen' - rejected by Redei)

Selkup: (kueta- 'füttern, aufziehen' - rejected by Redei)

Kamass: (bodǝ- 'füttern, ernähren' - rejected by Redei)

Sammalahti's version: *wetä-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *wed- / wid-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: идти

English meaning: to go

Georgian: ved-, vid-

Megrel: id-

Laz: id-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 84 (*wid-), EWK 130-131.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕadaw- ~ *waʕad- ~ *daʕ-

Meaning: go away, out; leave; pass by

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ʕVdVw/y- 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2

Berber: *Haddaw 'go' 1, 'come' 2

Central Chadic: *wuHad- 'go out' 1, 'go' 2

East Chadic: *Had- 'go' 1, '(make) go away' 2, 'follow' 3, 'come' 4

High East Cushitic: *had- (?)

Dahalo (Sanye): d_aaʕ- (met.) 'leave in a hurry'

Notes: Cf. *daʔ- ~ *ʔad- 'go and come, move'; Sem. *wɣd (Arab, MSA).

Semitic etymology :

Number: 390

Proto-Semitic: *ʕVdVw/y-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2

Hebrew: ʕdy 2

Syrian Aramaic: ʕdy 2

Arabic: ʕdw [-u-] 1

Epigraphic South Arabian: ʕdw/y 'move, march, go' SD

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ʕdw 2

Soqotri: ʕdy 2

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *Haddaw

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go' 1, 'come' 2

Senhadja: addu 1

Zenaga: edda 1

Semlal: ǝddu 1

Ntifa: ddu, s-udu 1

Izdeg: ddu 1, addu d 2

Izayan: ǝddu d 2

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *wuHad-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go out' 1, 'go' 2

Hwona: wúḍà 1 [Kr: 18]

Bachama: wudɔ́ 2 [CLR: 163]

Bata: wādo 2 [CLR: 163]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *Had-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go' 1, '(make) go away' 2, 'follow' 3, 'come' 4

Dangla: ààḍē 3 [Eb]

Migama: ʔáḍ- 1 [Jg]

Bidiya: ʔàd 1 [JBid]

Mokilko: ʔáḍḍè 2 [JMkk], ììdó 4 [CLR: 83]

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *had- (?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go'

Sidamo: haadi

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: d_aaʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leave in a hurry'

Notes: Metathesis.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǝ̄tV

Meaning: to go

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ǝ̄tV

Sino-Tibetan: *tiǝ

Yenisseian: Kott. it- / ot- 'come'

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǝ̄tV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: move, go, come

Proto-Nakh: *q-ēt-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=ut-

Proto-Tsezian: *=ot-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔata-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *q-ēt-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to get (somewhere)

Chechen: q-ēt-

Ingush: q-et-

Comments: The root is used only with the preverb *q-.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *-ut-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to reach

Tindi: =ut-

Comments: Attested only in Tindi, but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ot-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to turn back, return

Tsezi: ut-

Ginukh: =ut-/tut-

Comments: PTsKh *ʔut- (=ut-); in Gin. also with reduplication.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔata-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 come, arrive 2 walk,go

Lezghian: at- 2

Udi: ta-jes 2

Comment: Cf. Lezg. pret. ata-na (the stem is used in pret. and masdar). The Ud. form is a secondary building from the gerund *ʔata-j.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: [*tiǝ]

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Chinese: 之 *tǝ to go, proceed

Comments: Also reflected in: Miju tai, Miji deih, Konyak *dai 'walk, go'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 之

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī

Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝ

Classic Old Chinese: tǝ

Western Han Chinese: tǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Middle Chinese: ćɨ

English meaning : This; he, she, it, they, them. The basic meaning of the character is 'to go, proceed' (reflected as 'to go out' in the Shuowen gloss, but occurring in texts only with the normal meaning 'to go, proceed'); the use of 之 for a pronoun is secondary, due to homonymy.

Russian meaning[s]: 1) его, их, это, этих (после сказуемого служебный показатель объекта в вэньяне); часто не обозначает никакого конкретного объекта и служит лишь показателем переходности действия; 2) служебное слово между определением и определяемым, формант обособленного определения; 3) в придаточных (членных) предложениях ставится после подлежащего и служит показателем несамостоятельного характера предложения; 4) предшествует концовкам обстоятельств места и времени; 5) древняя эвфоническая частица без значения; 6) древн. этот; сей; его; 7) древн. или; 8) древн. отправиться; поехать; доехать, достичь; распространиться; перейти к...; что касается, вм. 至

Shuowen gloss: 出也.象草過え.枝莖漸益大.有所之也.一者地也.

Comments: The word is used normally either as an object pronoun ('him','her', etc.), or as a marker of possession or attribution (as in Shi 1,1) - probably reflecting different usages of a single original morpheme. Sometimes it also occurs as a demonstrative attribute 'this' - but Schüssler is probably right in thinking that in such cases it is actually written instead of the demonstrative 時 *dǝ (which, just as 是 *deʔ 'this', is also etymologically related).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 4

Four-angle index: 6439

Karlgren code: 0962 a-b

Go-on: si

Kan-on: si

Japanese reading: shi;yuku;kore;kono;no

Jianchuan Bai: -ta6 (這)

Dali Bai: tɨ3 (這)

Shijing occurrences: 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 31.3, 32.3, 33.1, 33.3, 35.4, 36.1, 36.2, 37.1, 37.4, 38.1, 38.4, 39.1, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 49.1, 49.2, 50.1, 51.1, 51.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.3, 54.4_, 57.1, 58.1, 58.3, 58.4

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Chinese Dialects :

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Number: 51

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 之

MC description : 止開三平之章

ZIHUI: 0037 0444

Beijing: c̣î_ 11

Jinan: c̣î_ 11

Xi'an: ci_ 11

Taiyuan: ci_ 1

Hankou: ci_ 11

Chengdu: ci_ 11

Yangzhou: ci_ 11

Suzhou: cü 11

Wenzhou: ci_ 11

Changsha: c̣î_ 11

Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11

Nanchang: ci_ 11

Meixian: ci_ 11

Guangzhou: či 11

Xiamen: ci 12

Chaozhou: ci_ 11

Fuzhou: ci 11

Shanghai: ci_ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: či_ 1

doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

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Austric etymology :

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Proto-Austric: *dV(w)

Meaning: to run, walk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *dVw

Austroasiatic meaning: run

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao ta:i.2 come

Proto-Thai: diaw.A, diaw.B to walk, to stroll

austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-myao,austr-tai,

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Austro-Asiatic etymology :

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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dVw

Meaning: run

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: diaw.A, diaw.B to walk, to stroll

Proto-Katuic: EK *dʔVw E?

Proto-Bahnaric: *dǝw

Khmer: daw < OK daw, dow

Proto-Monic: *dǝw

Proto-Palaungic: De dau

Proto-Khmu: *duʔ

References: S-200

aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-mon,aaet-pawa,aaet-kmu,aaet-bib,

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Katuic etymology :

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Proto-Katuic: *dʔVw

Meaning: take a step, walk

Presyllable: hǝ-/cǝ-/#

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *dʔVw

References: TK16.37b

katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,

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East Katuic etymology :

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Proto-East Katuic: *dʔVw

Meaning: take a step, walk

Presyllable: hǝ-/cǝ-/#

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Lao Katu: dɨaw

Lao Katu meaning: a step

Triw: cidiǝw

Dakkan dialects (2): cǝdi:w

Dakkan meaning: walk

ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-lka,ekatet-lkame,ekatet-tr,ekatet-dkk,ekatet-dkme,

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Bahnar etymology :

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Proto-Bahnaric: *dǝ̆w

Meaning: run, flee

Presyllable: #/kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: kǝdǝw, kǝdu:

Bahnar meaning: to run

Proto-North Bahnaric: *daw.L, kǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *du VT?

Proto-West Bahnaric: *dǝw, #/pǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *daw, #/kǝ- V?

References: PNB-424, SBS-570, TB17.449

banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-bah,banet-bahme,banet-nob,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-refer,

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North Bahnaric etymology :

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Proto-North-Bahnaric: *daw.L, kǝ-

Meaning: run, flee

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: kǝdaw.L

Rengao meaning: run

Jeh form: kǝdaw.L

Jeh meaning: run, run away, escape

Sedang form: kǝtaw.L

Sedang meaning: run

Hre form: kǝdaw.L

Hre meaning: run

References: PNB-424

nobet-meaning,nobet-prnum,nobet-ren,nobet-renme,nobet-jeh,nobet-jehme,nobet-sed,nobet-sedme,nobet-hre,nobet-hreme,nobet-refer,

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South Bahnaric etymology :

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Proto-South Bahnaric: *du

Meaning: run, flee

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: du:

Chrau meaning: run away, flee

Stieng form: du:

Stieng meaning: run away, flee,leave

References: SBS-570

sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,

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West Bahnaric etymology :

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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *dǝw, #/pǝ-

Meaning: run, flee

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: padǝw

Lavi: tu:

Juk: du:.B

References: TB17.449

webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-lve,webet-jk,webet-refer,

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North-West Bahnaric etymology :

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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *daw, #/kǝ-

Meaning: run away, escape

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: daw

Kaseng: daw

Yaeh: kadǝw

nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-ks,nwbet-yh,

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Khmer etymology :

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Khmer: daw

Meaning: to go to, progress towards

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: daw, dow

Old Khmer Meaning: to go, go ahead, become

References: P258, JP157

kmret-meaning,kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,

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Monic etymology :

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Proto-Monic: *dǝw

Meaning: to run away, stray

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: dau

Old Mon: dow

Middle Mon: dau

Nyakur: thɔw.B

Nyakur meaning: to hurry away, to escape

References: V206

monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-om,monet-mm,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,

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