North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *aŋl-

Meaning : to weep loudly

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : aŋglnā, aŋgla'ānā

Number in DED : 31

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *áŋal-

Meaning : to weep, to grieve

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *aŋal-

Proto-Telugu : *aŋal-

Proto-North Dravidian : *aŋl-

Notes : A formerly nominal root, as is seen from the strong position of the inlaut consonant (*áŋal- > aŋ(g)al- in modern languages instead of *aŋál- > *agál-). // Present in 3/6 branches.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *aŋal-

Meaning : to grieve, lament

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : aŋkalāy (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to lament, grieve, sorrow, be envious, covet

Tamil derivates : aŋkalāyppu disquiet, mental worry

Malayalam : aŋkalāykka

Malayalam meaning : to lament, grieve

Malayalam derivates : aŋkalāppu anxiety, worry, disquiet

Kannada : aŋgal

Kannada meaning : to grieve, be afflicted

Kannada derivates : aŋgalārcu, aŋgalācu to cry from grief, grieve, sorrow; aŋgalāpu lamentation, grief

Tulu : aŋgalappu, aŋgalāpa

Tulu meaning : covetousness

Tulu derivates : aŋgụ greed; aŋgiḍpini to be greedy, covetous; aŋgipuni to wish, be greedy of; aŋgele a greedy person, glutton; aŋŋaṇyuni to be greedy of, covet

Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋǝl-

Notes : Some of the Tulu forms may look as if they are preserving a monosyllabic form of the root. However, external parallels (Telugu, Kurukh) also show a bisyllabic form, which means that in Tulu some of the forms without -l- may have dropped it secondarily (aŋgipuni < *aŋal-puni) while others, like aŋgụ, represent back formations from aŋgipuni, etc.

Number in DED : 0031

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *aŋǝl-

Meaning : desire, liking

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : aŋglāpm

Number in DED : 31

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *aŋal-

Meaning : to grieve, lament, cry out from fear, grief, or pain

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : aŋgalārucu

Additional forms : Also aŋgada midfortune, trouble; mental agony, anxiety

Number in DED : 31

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *jVnV

Meaning: speak, sound

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *i̯ùjŋula ?

Uralic: *äne

Dravidian: *jan-

Comments: Altaic *i̯ùjŋula should rather be compared with PDR *áŋal- "to weep, grieve".

References: ND 2635 *yän[h/ʔ]V ~ *ʔänh/ʔV 'to speak, say'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùjŋula

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to weep, howl

Russian meaning: рыдать, выть

Turkic: *ɨjŋala-

Mongolian: *ujila-

Japanese: *ùnàr-

Comments: An onomatopaeic root, but with a rather precise phonetic matching between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ɨjŋa-la-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, weep

Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать

Karakhanid: aŋɨla- 'to cry, howl (of a donkey)' (МК) (?)

Turkish: inle-, dial. iŋile-

Tatar: eŋgelde-

Middle Turkic: OKypch. iŋle- (Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: ingala-

Azerbaidzhan: inlä-

Turkmen: iŋle-

Khakassian: ɨlɣa-

Shor: ɨlɣa-

Oyrat: ɨjla-

Halaj: ị̄län-

Yakut: ɨj̃ɨla-

Tuva: ɨjɨla-, ɨɨla-

Kirghiz: ɨjla-

Kazakh: ɨnqɨl-da-

Bashkir: ɨjla-

Gagauz: inne-

Karaim: inle-

Karakalpak: ɨŋɨl-da-

Comments: VEWT 172, EDT 186, ЭСТЯ 1, 366-367.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ujila-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cry, weep

Russian meaning: плакать, рыдать

Written Mongolian: ujila- (L 866)

Middle Mongolian: ui'jila- (SH), ujla- (IM), uila-, hujlaūl- (caus.) (MA), ūjla- (Lig.VMI)

Khalkha: ujla-

Buriat: ujla-

Kalmuck: ūĺ-

Ordos: ujla-

Dongxian: uila-

Baoan: lā-, la-

Dagur: waila- (Тод. Даг. 129), uajle- (MD 229), uail-

Shary-Yoghur: ǖla-

Monguor: (u)lā- (SM 469)

Mogol: uīla-

Comments: KW 454, MGCD 670.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ùnàr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to howl, weep

Russian meaning: выть, рыдать

Tokyo: unár-

Kyoto: únár-

Kagoshima: ùnàr-

Comments: JLTT 779.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 43

Proto: *äne

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: voice, sound

German meaning: Stimme, Laut

Finnish: ääni (gen. äänen) 'Stimme; Laut, Ton, Lärm, Klang'

Saam (Lapp): jiednâ-n (N) 'sound, note; voice', jetna (L) 'Laut, Schall, Stimme (von lebenden Wesen wie von Dingen)', jīnn (T Kld.), jienn (Not.), jiññ, iññ (A) 'Stimme, Laut'

Hungarian: ének, énëk 'Gesang, Lied'

Sammalahti's version: *äni

K. Redei's notes: *äCVne

References: FUV; SKES; MSzFgrE; TESz; EtSz; Bár.SzófSz

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : JVNV (WVNV)

Meaning : speak, say, sound

Eurasiatic : *jVnV

Afroasiatic : *yVn- 'say' (Eg., Berb., Cush., Chad.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ʔwēnɨ (~ -u)

Amerind (misc.) : *wuni 'cry' (R 154); ? *wen 'name; call' (R 494) [+ A]

Reference : ND 2635.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʕwḗnɨ (~ ʔw-, -u)

Meaning: sound; air movement

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʔwēnɨ (~ ʕw-, -u)

Sino-Tibetan: *ʔǝm

Comments and references : HGC 50.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʔwēnɨ (~ -u)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: air movement; cold, rheumatism

Proto-Nakh: *ʔān

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔVnV

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔʷen

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The phonetic match between the PL form, on one side, and the PN and Av., on the other, is perfect. As for the semantic side, we must postulate the original meaning "movement of air" ( > a) "sound"; b) "wind" > "cold, rheumatism"; both changes are rather frequent typologically).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʔān

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rheumatic pain, rheumatism

Chechen: ān

Ingush: a

Batsbi: ã

Comments: Obl. base *ʔāne-, cf. Chech. ēna-, Ing. ano, Bacb. ani-. 3d class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔVnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rheumatism

Avar: onó-d (dial.)

Comments: The Av. form reflects a former plural in -d. If we take into account the original meaning 'movement of air' ( > 'sound'), we could compare also the Tind. verbal root un- 'to talk, speak' (otherwise isolated).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔʷen

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sound

Lezghian: wan

Agul: un

Rutul: un

Tsakhur: on

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. on id. In several languages (Ag., Lezg., Rut.) serves as a base for the compound verb 'to hear'. Belongs to the 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh.; oblique base unknown.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔǝm

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sound, wind

Chinese: 音 *ʔǝm sound

Burmese: am 'to read aloud'

Comments: Cf. Tani *ǝm, Gurung kha-ẽ wind.

Chinese characters :

Character: 音

Modern (Beijing) reading: yīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔǝm

Classic Old Chinese: ʔǝm

Western Han Chinese: ʔǝm

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔǝm

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔim

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔim

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔim

Middle Chinese: ʔim

English meaning : sound; note; fame

Russian meaning[s]: 1) звук, тон; звучание, чтение (знака); 2) слог, силлабема; концовка слога, рифма; 3) оттенок (тембр) голоса; произношение

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 180

Four-angle index: 1496

Karlgren code: 0653 a-b

Vietnamese reading: âm

Shijing occurrences: 28.3_, 29.3, 32.4_, 33.2_, 35.1

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 868

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 音

MC description : 深開三平侵影

ZIHUI: 7299 2139

Beijing: in 11

Jinan: iẽ 11

Xi'an: iẽ 11

Taiyuan: iŋ 1

Hankou: in 11

Chengdu: in 11

Yangzhou: ĩ 11

Suzhou: in 11

Wenzhou: iaŋ 11

Changsha: in 11

Shuangfeng: in 11

Nanchang: in 11

Meixian: jim 11

Guangzhou: jam 11

Xiamen: im 11

Chaozhou: im 11

Fuzhou: iŋ 11

Shanghai: iiŋ 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝm 1

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