Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *mṛēr-

Meaning : soft, quiet, gentle

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : mṛērna

Number in DED : 5078

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *mel-e-

Meaning : slowly, softly

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : meleka

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *mṛēr-

Notes : If PK -r- is suffixal and *mṛ- < *ml- with assimilation, the comparison is justified. Bisyllabic root.

Konda etymology :

Konda : meleka

Meaning: slowly

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : melesa "gently, softly"

Number in DED : 5078

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *mel-

Meaning : 1 slow 2 soft

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *mel-

Proto-Telugu : *mel-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *mel-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *mel-e-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *mel-

Meaning : soft

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : mel

Tamil meaning : soft, tender

Tamil derivates : melku (melki-) to become soft, be light; mella, meḷḷa softly, slowly, gently; melli woman; mellikkai thinness; mellitu, mellicu that which is soft or fine; thinness, slenderness; melliyar the weak, the emaciated, the poor; low, mean person; women (as of delicate build); mell-en_al, meḷḷ-en_al expr. signifying being soft, gentle, being dull; meli (-v-, -nt-) to be weak, become lean, thin, suffer, languish, perish, become poor, reduced in circumstances, be softened (as a hard coconut), be lowered in pitch (music); (-pp-, -tt-) to weaken, make lean, thin, cause suffering, destroy, soften (a hard consonant), lower the pitch; meliyavan_ weak, powerless man; melivu weakness, feebleness, languor, fatigue, etc.; men_mai softness, etc.

Malayalam : mel

Malayalam meaning : slender, tender

Malayalam derivates : meliyuka to grow thin, lean; melivu, meliccal thinness, leanness; melluka, mellikka to be thin, fine; mellē slowly, gently, softly

Kannada : mel(u)

Kannada meaning : soft, tender, pliant, mild, gentle, kind, pleasant; slow, etc.

Kannada derivates : melpu softness, mildness; mella, mellane, melle gently, softly, slowly; mellitu, mellittu that which is soft, mild, etc.

Kodagu : melle

Kodagu meaning : lightly, slowly

Tulu : mella

Tulu meaning : slow, soft, gentle; slowly, softly, gently

Tulu derivates : melipuni to knead as dough, tread into a well-mixed mass (as earth); melippu kneading, mixing well into a mass, macerating; meliyuni to become well-mixed, be reduced by sickness

Proto-Nilgiri : *mel-

Number in DED : 5078

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *mel-

Meaning : to soften

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : melg- (melgy-) "to soften (intr.) by action of water or heat"

Toda : mes_x- (mes_xy-) "(thing) becomes soaked and softened"

Additional forms : Also Kota melk- (melky-) to soften (tr.); Toda mes_k- (mes_ky-) to soak (tr.) so as to soften; mely slowly, stealthily; meli̇̇̇ very slowly

Number in DED : 5078

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *mel-

Meaning : woman

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : melãta

Dialectal forms (1) : melãtuka

Additional forms : Also [1] melamella, [2] melamellãgā gently, mildly, quietly, slowly, softly; mella slowly; mellãgā̆ slowly, tardily, quietly, gently, mildly, softly, gradually, by degrees; mellana slowness, tardiness; mellanan slowly, tardily; mellani slow, quiet, etc.

Number in DED : 5078

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *mel-

Meaning : slowly

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kondekor Gadba : mellaga

Number in DED : 5078

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mVlV

Meaning: soft, mild

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *(a)mal[a]-

Altaic: *mèl[ú]; + ? Mong. milmere- 'grow weak, feeble'

Dravidian: *mel-

References: ND 1407 *miħLi 'be weak' (+ dub. Sem.), 1412 *me/il(.)V 'soft', 1413 *mVLdV 'young, tender' (+ Arab.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(a)mal[a]- / -e-, *(a)mlā-

Meaning: to soften, to weaken; soft, weak, tender

Tokharian: B malya(k)ke 'youthful, puerile' (Adams 442)

Old Indian: mlāti, mlāyati `to fade, wither, decay, vanish', ptc. mlāna-, mlātá-; mr̥dú- `soft, tender, mild', fem. mrdvī́, comp. mradīyān; márdhati, mr̥dhati `to neglect, forsake, abandon' [rather to *mers-?]; mr̥ḍati, mr̥ḍáyati, mr̥ḍnāti `to be gracious, favourable', mr̥ḍīká- n. `favour'; marāla- 'soft, mild, tender'

Avestan: mrāta- `durch Gerben weich geworden'; vimradati `erweicht'; mǝrǝždā- `verzeihen'

Armenian: meɫm `weich, schlaff'; meɫk `weichlich, schlaf'

Old Greek: amaló- `schwach, zart', amblǘ- `stumpf, schwach'; bladǘ- 'flaccid'prob. in Hp. Aër.20; *bladǘ-: bladeîs= adǘnatos eks adünátōn Hsch., amaldǘnō `zerstören, schwächen, entstellen'; bladartó- = eklelüménos, khaûnos Hsch., adv. bladán = nōthrō̂s Hsch., bladós = adǘnatos Hsch.; dial. > ion.-att. blāk-s, gen. blākós `schlaff, stumpsinnig, dumm'; blǟkhró- `schwach'; malthakó-, aeol. mólthako- `weich, verweichlicht, zart, mild', málthōn m. `Weichling'; malakó- `weich, sanft, zart, weichlich, schlaff'

Slavic: *moldъ(jь), *moldь

Baltic: *mal-ā̂n-iā̃ f., *mal-d-ia- m., *mal-d-ais-i- adj.

Germanic: *mil-d-i-, *mal-d-a- adj.

Latin: mollis, -e `weich, locker, geschmeidig, biegsam; mild, sanft, nachgiebig; weichlich, schwach'

Celtic: *mlot-, *mlāti-, *mal- > OIr mlāith `sanft, glatt, weich'; meldach `weich, zart, angenehm'; malcaim `verfaule', MIr blāith `sanft, glatt, weich'; Cymr blydd `sanft, zart'

Russ. meaning: размягчать, ослаблять; мягкий, слабый, нежный

References: WP II 284 f

Comments: Derivates meaning 'sand, clay' belong rather to *mel- q.v.

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *mal-ā̂n-iā̃ f., *mal-d-ia- m., *mal-d-ais-i- adj.

Meaning: soft, young

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: malṓnē 'Gnade, Gewohnheit, Huld, Gunst(bezeugung), Gefallen'; ? { mulvīti, mulvinti 'plagen, quälen, abmatten' }

Old Prussian: maldaisin acc. `jungster', maldian `Fohlen'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *mildia-, *malda-

Meaning: mild

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *un-mild-s `unkind'; *mildiɵa f. (ō) `mildness, kindness'

Old Norse: mild-r `freigebig, gnädig, fromm'

Norwegian: mild

Swedish: mild

Danish: mild

Old English: milde `milde, gültig, freundlich'

English: mild

Old Frisian: milde

Old Saxon: mildi

Middle Dutch: milde `zacht, liefderijk, mild, rijkelijk'

Dutch: mild

Middle Low German: milde

Old High German: milti `gütig, freundlich, freigebig' (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: milte, milde adj. 'freundlich, gütig, barmherzig, wohltätig'

German: mild

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *mèl[ú]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to become stale, overripe, wither

Russian meaning: становиться затхлым, загустевать, увядать

Tungus-Manchu: *mel-me- ?

Korean: *mằrằ-

Japanese: *mùrá-

Comments: Korean has a "verbal" low tone. Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; the TM parallel is much more problematic (poorly attested and semantically distant).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *mel-me-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to congeal (of blood)

Russian meaning: сгущаться, запекаться (о крови)

Literary Manchu: melme-

Comments: ТМС 1, 567.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *mằrằ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dry

Russian meaning: сухой

Modern Korean: marɨ-

Middle Korean: mằrằ-

Comments: Nam 195, KED 561.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *mùrá-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to become stale; to be overboiled

Russian meaning: становиться затхлым; развариваться

Tokyo: muré-

Kyoto: mùrè-

Kagoshima: mùrè-

Comments: JLTT 729.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : WVNLV

Meaning : good

Eurasiatic : *mVlV

Afroasiatic : *mVlVḥ/ḫ- (?)

Sino-Caucasian : *wēnʎ_wē

Amerind (misc.) : *malin 'good' (R 320) [+ A]

Notes : Perhaps = WVLV 'new, young'

Afroasiatic etymology :

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *wǟ́nʎwē

Meaning: luck, joy

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *wēnʎ_wē

Sino-Tibetan: *ʔɨāɫ

Burushaski: ? *míl-

Basque: *ben

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *wēnʎ_wē

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: luck, good

Proto-Nakh: *māli

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *bVxʷi / *xʷibV-

Proto-West Caucasian: *maʎ́ʷV

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *māli

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: good deed, good (relig.)

Chechen: mēla

Ingush: mäl

Comments: 5th class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *bVxʷi / *xʷibV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 luck 2 good

Avar: baxí 1

Andian language: šu-b 2

Akhvakh: šo-da-be 2

Chamalal: hō-b 2

Comments: Cf. Cham. Gig. hu-b id. (suggesting *x- in PA). In PA *-b- in *xʷibV- was reanalyzed as a class suffix (*xʷibV-b > *xʷi(b)-b).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *maʎ́ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: good, luck

Adyghe: māfa

Kabardian: māxʷa

Comments: PAK *maxʷá. The root is homonymous with *maxʷa 'day' - which is obviously a secondary merger. PAK *xʷ may go back to *ʎ́ʷ, *ʎʷ, *xʷ or *x́ʷ; in this case *ʎ́ʷ is preferable because of external evidence.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔɨāɫ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rest

Chinese: 安 *ʔān rest, peace; 晏 *ʔrāns tranquilize; pleasant; pause, rest, peaceful, mild.

Lushai: ōl to rest.

Comments: Cf. Dhimal el-ka 'good'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 安

Modern (Beijing) reading: ān

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔān

Classic Old Chinese: ʔān

Western Han Chinese: ʔān

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔān

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔān

Middle Chinese: ʔân

English meaning : be calm, peaceful

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спокойный, мирный; безопасный; покой, благополучие; 2) успокоить, умиротворить; утешить; 3) веселый; благодушный; 4) комфортабельный, удобный; 5) устроить, поместить; устроиться, поселиться; 6) положить, установить; прикрепить, смонтировать; устроить; 7) питать (надежды); лелеять; 8) перед сказуемым вопросительного предложения где?; куда?; в чем?; как?; 9) сокр. ар; ампер; 10) стар. приветствие; 11) древн. и тогда; 12) Ань (фамилия)

Comments: Character also used for homonymous *ʔān 'where'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 8828

Karlgren code: 0146 a-c

Vietnamese reading: an

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 261

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 安

MC description : 山開一平寒影

ZIHUI: 1344 1762

Beijing: an 11

Jinan: ŋã 11

Xi'an: ŋã 11

Taiyuan: ŋä̃ 1

Hankou: ŋan 11

Chengdu: ŋan 11

Yangzhou: ɛ̃ 11

Suzhou: ö 11

Wenzhou: y 11

Changsha: ŋan 11

Shuangfeng: uɛ̃ 11

Nanchang: ŋɔn 11

Meixian: ɔn 11

Guangzhou: ɔn 11

Xiamen: an 11 (lit.); uã 11

Chaozhou: aŋ 11

Fuzhou: aŋ 11

Shanghai: ö 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: an 1

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *míl-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: to pacify, be pacified

Hunza: di-míl-

Nagar: di-míl-

Comments: Sh. dimil-

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *ben

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 formal, serious, sensible 2 meek, docile, obedient 3 power, potency 4 critical moment, urgency, compulsion 5 necessity

Bizkaian: ben 1, men 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: ben 1, men 2

High Navarrese: men 2, 3

Low Navarrese: men 3, 5

Lapurdian: men 3, 4

Zuberoan: men 3

Roncalese: men 3

Comments: The semantic variations are extensive, but cf. PNC *wēnʎ_wē 'luck, good', where, e.g., 'luck' may be related to Basque 'critical moment, power', and 'good' to Basque 'meek, docile, sensible'.

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