Proto-Nilgiri : face="Times New Roman Star"*par·-Ќp-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"ripe

South Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"South Dravidian etymology

Kota : face="Times New Roman Star"par·v- (par·d-) "(fruits) become ripe, (boil, sore) opens"

Toda : face="Times New Roman Star"po«f- (po«t-) "to ripen"

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also Kota pan· fruit; Toda pum, (in song) pan fruit; pЎs·f- (pЎs·t-) to yield fruit, (fruit) ripens

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-South Dravidian : face="Times New Roman Star"*paz·-, *paz·-nd-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen

Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Dravidian etymology

Tamil : face="Times New Roman Star"paz·u (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen (as fruits, grain), grow mature, arrive at perfection (as in knowledge, piety), become old, come to a head (as a boil), change colour by age, become pale or yellowish (as the body by disease), become flexible, pliant; n. (also par·uppu) ripeness, yellowness (of fruits), leaf turned yellow with age

Tamil derivates : face="Times New Roman Star"paz·unu (paz·uni-), paz·un_u (paz·un_i-) to grow ripe, become mellow, mature, be full or perfect; paz·am ripe fruit; pan·t·am fruit

Malayalam : face="Times New Roman Star"paz·ukka

Malayalam meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to grow ripe, become well-tempered, suppurate, decay; n. fruit put to ripen

Malayalam derivates : face="Times New Roman Star"paz·uppu ripening of fruit; paz·uppikka to ripen artificially; paz·am ripe fruit, ripe plantains

Kannada : face="Times New Roman Star"pan·

Kannada meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to be produced (ripe fruit); n. (also pan·n·u) ripe fruit, ripeness

Kodagu : face="Times New Roman Star"pan·n·—

Kodagu meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"fruit

Tulu : face="Times New Roman Star"palkuni, pal·kuni

Tulu meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to be very soft (as an overripe fruit), be pliant, flexible

Tulu derivates : face="Times New Roman Star"parnduni to be ripe, mature, (hair) turns grey; parndѓvuni to ripen (tr.); parndu· ripeness, ripe fruit, ripe plantains; ripe, grey; palu ripening (as of fruit), half-ripe; pandad·e° fructification, productiveness of a tree

Proto-Nilgiri : face="Times New Roman Star"*par·-Ќp-

Miscellaneous : face="Times New Roman Star"IRU pammu, pѓmu ripe fruit

Notes : face="Times New Roman Star"Apart from the suffixless form *par·-, present in most SDR languages except for Kannada and Kodagu, we have to reconstruct a suffixal form *par·nd- with a vowel-less -nd- suffix. The ensuing cluster *-r·nd- resulted in: Tamil -n·t·- (pan·t·am), Irula -m- (pammu), Kota -n·- (pan·), Toda -m- (pum), Kan. -n·- (pan·), Kod. -n·- (pan·n·—). Only in some Tulu dialects the old cluster is preserved (parndu·, etc.).

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-Dravidian : face="Times New Roman Star"*paz·-, *paz·-nd-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen

Proto-South Dravidian: face="Times New Roman Star"*paz·-, *paz·-nd-

Proto-Telugu : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-, *par·

Proto-North Dravidian : face="Times New Roman Star"*pѓn-/*panѕ-

Proto-Telugu : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen, mature, yield, produce, win (in a game); n. fruit, berry; adj. ripe, mature

Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Dravidian etymology

Telugu : face="Times New Roman Star"pan·d·u

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also pan·d·incu to ripen (tr.); pan·t·a produce, crop, fruit, ripening; ? palaсku to yield fruit, ripen

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen

Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Dravidian etymology

Kolami : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- (pand·t-) "to become ripe"

Kinwat Kolami : face="Times New Roman Star"pan (pl. pand·l) "fruit"

Naikri : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe"

Naiki : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- (pant·-) "to be ripe"

Parji : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "(plant) matures"

Ollari Gadba : face="Times New Roman Star"par·џ(g)- "to become ripe"

Salur Gadba : face="Times New Roman Star"pad·iџ- (pat·t·-) "to become ripe"

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also Kolami pand·ip- (pand·ipt-) to put to become ripe; pand·ud· ripe fruit; Naikri pand·e ripe fruit; Naiki pant·a ripe; Parji par·nс- to ripen; pal ripe fruit, pus; Salur (P) par·џ- (hair) to become grey

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-Gondi-Kui : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-, *par·

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen (fruit); fruit

Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Konda : face="Times New Roman Star"pan·d·-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : face="Times New Roman Star"*par·

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-/*pѓr·-

Notes : face="Times New Roman Star"Either these are two separate roots or this is a morphological alternation dating back to PDR.

Proto-Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to become ripe

Gondwan etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·ѓnѓ

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·–nѓ

Muria Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe, (hair) to become grey, (leaf) to become yellow"

Seoni Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe, (hair) to become grey"

Koya Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe, (hair) to become grey"

Yeotmal Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe, (hair) to become grey"

Chindwara Gondi : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·- "to become ripe, (hair) to become grey"

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also Gondi_W pan·r·tal, Gondi_M pand·ta ripe; Gondi_A, Gondi_Mu, Gondi_Ma, Gondi_S, Gondi_Ko pand·/i/ ripe fruit; Gondi_Tr pand–ng sweet, ripe achar berries

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Number in CVOTGD : face="Times New Roman Star"2094, 2095

Konda : face="Times New Roman Star"pan·d·-

Meaning: face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen; (hair) to become grey

Gondwan etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : face="Times New Roman Star"par·u "fruit"

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also Konda pan·d·is- to cause a crop to grow; pan·t·a a crop; year; pan·d·u (pl. pat·ku) fruit

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-Pengo-Manda : face="Times New Roman Star"*par·

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"fruit

Gondwan etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Gondwan etymology

Pengo : face="Times New Roman Star"par· (pl. -ku)

Manda : face="Times New Roman Star"par· (pl. -ke)

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : face="Times New Roman Star"*pand·-/*pѓr·-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"fruit

Gondwan etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Schulze) : face="Times New Roman Star"pand·u "ripe fruit"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : face="Times New Roman Star"pѓr·ey (pl. -ka)

Kuwi (Israel) : face="Times New Roman Star"pѓr·eyi

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also Kui_Kasi pѓr·esi fruit

Notes : face="Times New Roman Star"It looks like this is a contamination of two originally different PDR roots: *pand·- 'to ripen' and *par·- 'fruit', cf. other data; in most subgroups they have, however, been so much intertwined that the original semantics is indeed hard to determine.

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004

Proto-North-Dravidian : face="Times New Roman Star"*pѓn-/*panѕ-

Meaning : face="Times New Roman Star"to ripen, (boil) festers, have a yellowish appearance (as after a prolonged illness)

Dravidian etymology: face="Times New Roman Star"Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : face="Times New Roman Star"pѓсnnѓ (panґjѓ)

Malto : face="Times New Roman Star"pѓne

Additional forms : face="Times New Roman Star"Also KUR panґjkѓ fruits; MLT pѓntre to ripen (tr.), teach manners; panjek, panjeke ripe

Number in DED : face="Times New Roman Star"4004