Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *aṇǝg

Meaning : lower jaw, molar teeth

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : aṇg "lower cheek"

Toda : oḷ "molar tooth"

Additional forms : Also Kota aṇg val molar teeth

Notes : Toda oḷ probably < *aṇg-pal > *oṇ-pl > *oṇḷ > *oḷ (although cf. Tamil aṇal).

Number in DED : 114

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *aṇaŋ- (?)

Meaning : neck, jaw

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : aṇal

Tamil meaning : neck, side of the upper jaw, chin, throat, windpipe, beard, dewlap

Tamil derivates : aṇar, aṇari side of the upper jaw; aṇār neck

Malayalam : aṇa

Malayalam meaning : jaw, hinder part of jaw

Malayalam derivates : aṇa-ppallu grinder, double tooth; aṇal jaw, hinder part of mouth; aṇali viper; aṇṇāṭi cheekbone; aṇṇi inside of the cheek, joint of jaws

Kannada : aṇal

Kannada meaning : under part of the mouth, the mouth

Proto-Nilgiri : *aṇǝg

Notes : A complex case. Most of the forms can be traced back to PSDR *aṇal, although ones like Tam. aṇa-r, Mal. aṇṇi suggest the -l may be suffixal. However, the Proto-Nilgiri form, as is seen from the Kota evidence, is *aṇǝg- < *aṇV[ŋ]g-, and in the Nilgiri languages it is only found within the compound *aṇǝg-pal 'molar tooth'. This makes me suspect that the original form may indeed have been *aṇVŋ-, and everything but Kota aṇg actually represents later modifications of the protostem as it kept merging with additional suffixes.

Number in DED : 0114

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *aṇáŋ- (?)

Meaning : lower part of mouth; neck

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *aṇaŋ- (?)

Notes : A phonetically complex phorm that is nevertheless well reconstructible for PSDR and has potential external parallels. // Present in 1/6 branches.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔVŋV

Meaning: jaw, palate

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ēŋa(k`V)

Uralic: *äŋV chin (*oŋe 'jaw' (Coll. 3)) (cf. *oŋlV )

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *hʷejnev- 'speak, word' (?)

References: МССНЯ 371-372; ND 55 *ʔäŋʕ/GV 'chin' (with dubious Eg. and Chad. parallels); 2597 *Xän̄VkV ~ *XäŋkV 'jaw, palate' (same Alt., Ur. + Sem.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ēŋa(k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: chin, jaw

Russian meaning: подбородок, челюсть

Turkic: *ēŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eŋge

Japanese: *ánk-

Comments: One could also reconstruct *ēna(k`V) - in which case cf. Kor. anɨm 'jowl, meat of the cheek' (KED 1068).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ēŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 cheeks 2 jaw, chin

Russian meaning: 1 щеки 2 челюсть, подбородок

Karakhanid: eŋ 1, eŋek 1, 2 (MK)

Turkish: enek 2

Tatar: ijäk 2

Middle Turkic: eŋek, enek 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: engäk 2

Uighur: iŋäk 2

Sary-Yughur: iŋek 2

Azerbaidzhan: äŋ 2

Turkmen: ǟŋ 'lower jaw', eŋek 2

Khakassian: ek 2

Shor: ēk 2

Oyrat: ēk 2

Chuvash: ana 2

Yakut: iŋ 2

Kirghiz: ēk 2

Kazakh: ĭjek 2

Noghai: ijek 2

Bashkir: ĭjek 2

Karakalpak: ijek 2

Comments: EDT 166, 183, VEWT 45, ЭСТЯ 1, 284-285, Лексика 218-219, Федотов 1, 45.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eŋge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: beak

Russian meaning: клюв

Literary Manchu: eŋge

Comments: ТМС 2, 457. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable parallels in Turkic and Mongolian.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ánk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 gills 2 jaw, chin

Russian meaning: 1 жабры 2 челюсть, подбородок

Old Japanese: agji, agjitopji

Middle Japanese: ágì, ágító

Tokyo: agó 2, agito 1,2

Kyoto: àgô 2

Kagoshima: ágo 2

Comments: JLTT 377. RJ, Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *á(n)kV̀ (the root ending is somewhat hard to reconstruct), but Kyoto has an unexpected circumflex tone.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 44

Proto: *äŋV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: chin

German meaning: Kinn (-backen, -lade)

Udmurt (Votyak): aŋ (S K) 'Backenbein, Kinnbacken'

Komi (Zyrian): an (Le. V P) 'Kinnlade, der Kiefer, Backenknochen, Kieme'

Khanty (Ostyak): äɣǝṇ (V), ȧŋǝn (DN O) 'Kinn'

Mansi (Vogul): īn (TČ), iɣǝn (KU), jēn (P), ēŋǝn (So.)

Nenets (Yurak): ńāŋū (O), ńīŋŋu (Nj.)

Enets (Yen): eu (Ch.), ńaŋu (B) 'Kinn, Backenknochen'

Selkup: aak͔al-lȋ (Ta.), aak͔a (Ke.), aak͔ai, ak͔ai (Čl.) 'Kinnlade'

Kamass: oŋo^.j

Addenda: Koib. огой 'щеки', Mot. огойба 'щека', Taig. üŋüšta 'Kinn'

References: Stein.FgrVok. 41; Stein.FgrKons. 33, 34

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *hʷejnev-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): говорить, слово

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *faʒnab (~ ạ)

Proto-Itelmen: *hine-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *faʒnab (~ ạ)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): слово

Koryak: wańaw

Comments: Старый альнернат от *ʁeʒŋeb- 'звать, называть' (1436).

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *hine- EA

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): говорить кому-л., сказать

Itelmen: hene-kes (hine-) 1

Itelmen meaning: говорить кому-л., сказать 1, слово 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 149, 245

Stebnitsky reference: 104

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : jaw, palate

Eurasiatic : *ʔVŋV

Afroasiatic : *ʕanrab- tongue

Notes : ? Here Ain. *awe 'tongue'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕirn-ab

Meaning: tongue

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *(H)yar- 'language'

Central Chadic: *Hiran- 'tongue'

Saho-Afar: *ʕanrab-

Low East Cushitic: *ʕarray(b)- 'tongue'

High East Cushitic: *Harrab- 'tongue'

Warazi (Dullay): *Harrab- 'tongue'

Dahalo (Sanye): ʕééna 'tongue' (<*ʕern-?)

Mogogodo (Yaaku): *HVrib- 'tongue'

Omotic: *HVri(n)- ~ *HVl/rib- 'tongue'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *(H)yar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'language'

Hausa: yā̀rḗ

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *Hiran-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Mandara=Wandala: aara, nárà CLR II (met.)

Malgwa: nare (met.)[Lr]

Mofu-Gudur: ʔǝrné [BMof]

Gisiga: ʔirne [CLR: 329]

Notes: Cf. Matakam nɛʔɛn, lɛʔɛn (<*rVʔVn- with assimilation?).

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *ʕanrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Saho: anrā́b

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʕarray(b)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'word, speech' 1, 'tongue' 2

Somali: éray 1 Abr 74, ʕárrab 2 ibid. 15

Oromo (Galla): arraba

Arbore: ʔǝrréb

Dasenech (Geleba): ʔɛre

Notes: Cf. PEC 23

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *Harrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Hadiya (Gudella): állaaba

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *Harrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Gawwada (Gawata): arrap(-ko)

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ʕééna

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Mogogodo etymology :

Mogogodo: erei, pl. ɛrɛp-a

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *HVri(n)- ~ *HVl/rib-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Ometo: eren-šaa

Anfillo (Southern Mao): erii-co

Bworo (Shinasha): albéra (met. <*ʕVlrVb- <*ʕVnrVb-?)

Notes: Sheko ɛrib, Dizi ʔéabil, Nao yalb

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