Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bar-g- (*-r_-)

Meaning : rough

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : bargaṭe "(Pat.) rough"

Number in DED : 3973

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *bar-

Meaning : rough

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *par-

Proto-Telugu : *bar-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *bar-g- (*-r_-)

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *bar- (*-r_-, *-d_-)

Notes : Contaminated with SKt. loanword paruṣa-.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *par-

Meaning : rough

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : paru

Tamil meaning : coarse, rough

Tamil derivates : parukkan_, parumai roughness, coarseness, grossness

Malayalam : parukku

Malayalam meaning : rough surface

Malayalam derivates : (Tiyya) parukkuva to make rough; parupara roughly, harshly; paruparukka to be rough, harsh; paruparuppu roughness, harshness

Kannada : parige, parparike, papparike

Kannada meaning : roughness (of surface), harshness, rough manners

Notes : External data show SDR p- to be secondary. Maybe the forms were heavily influenced by or directly borrowed from Sanskrit paruṣa-.

Number in DED : 3973

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *bar-

Meaning : rough

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : baraka

Additional forms : Also barusu rough, coarse, rude, brutal; rougness, rudeness; [1] parusamu, [2] parusana harshness, cruelty; parusapu hard, harsh; berasu cruel, rough, not fine

Notes : Tel. [1] parusamu, [2] parusana harshness, cruelty; parusapu hard, harsh are most probably borrowed from Skt. paruṣa-.

Number in DED : 3973

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *bar- (*-r_-, *-d_-)

Meaning : rough

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : baRka

Konda etymology :

Konda : baRka

Meaning: roughness; rough

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 3973

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *bVŕV

Meaning: thick

Altaic: *bằŕ[i]

Dravidian: *pār- (cf. also *bar 'rough' 126)

References: ND 254 *baŕʔV 'big, much, thick' (Alt., Drav. + IE *bher- see *bVŕV 'good' + a number of Cush. and Chad. forms).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bằŕ[i]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wide, thick

Russian meaning: широкий, толстый

Turkic: *bAŕɨk

Mongolian: *bar-

Tungus-Manchu: *baru-n

Korean: *pắr

Japanese: *pìrǝ̀-

Comments: Whitman 1985, 193, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). The vowel reflex in Korean is irregular, which leaves a possibility of Kor. *pắr and Jpn. *pìrǝ̀ 'fathom' going back to a different root (reconstructable as *Piari or *Piali); the coincidence of *pìrǝ̀ 'fathom' and *pìrǝ̀- 'wide, broad' in Jpn. must be in that case secondary.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bAŕɨk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 thick, stout 2 a stubby man

Russian meaning: 1 толстый, дюжий 2 коренастый человек

Tatar: bazɨq 2

Middle Turkic: bazuq (OKypch., AH, CCum.) 2

Bashkir: baδɨq 1

Balkar: bazɨq 1

Karaim: bazɨq/x (H,Q,T) 1, 2

Kumyk: bazɨq 1

Comments: VEWT 66. The word is exclusively Kypchak (probably also borrowed in Chuv. pɨzъk id.), but is apparently archaic.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *bar-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: broad and thick (of a beard), coarse (of textiles)

Russian meaning: толстый, взлохмаченный о ткани, бороде, (редко) в названиях чего-л. округлого, большой палец (дет.)

Written Mongolian: barbaji- (L 84)

Khalkha: barvaj-

Buriat: barba-

Kalmuck: bar-dǝ-ɣǝr, barwǟ-

Comments: KW 34, 35.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *baru-n

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 thick 2 round, full

Russian meaning: 1 толстый 2 круглый, полный

Even: barụ-n 1

Literary Manchu: barun 2

Nanai: barõ (Kur-Urm.) 2

Oroch: bau(n) 1

Udighe: bau 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 76.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pắr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: fathom

Russian meaning: сажень

Modern Korean: pāl

Middle Korean: pắr

Comments: Nam 246, KED 723. The modern form reflex a merger with MKor. pār 'armful' (v. sub *p`ā́ĺŋa).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pìrǝ̀-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 wide 2 fathom

Russian meaning: 1 широкий 2 сажень

Old Japanese: pjiro- 1, p(j)iro 2

Middle Japanese: fìrò- 1, fìrò 2

Tokyo: hiró- 1, hiro 2

Kyoto: hírò- 1

Kagoshima: hiró- 1

Comments: JLTT 408, 828.

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