Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aŋl (~ *ń-, *n-)

Meaning : tongue

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Naiki : aŋgul, aŋguṛ(u)

Number in DED : 33

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *ńjáŋaḷ

Meaning : tongue; uvula

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *[ńj]aŋaḷ

Proto-Telugu : *aŋVl-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *aŋl (~ *ń-, *n-)

Proto-North Dravidian : *naql-

Notes : A somewhat similar case can be seen in PDR *ńjeṛed- "crab", except that the latter is far better represented in Dravidian. The comparison with Malto is really only acceptable if we suggest that an initial nasal has been lost in all the other attested forms (except for dial. Kan. naŋgilu which thus turns out to be quite archaic). Another way of explaining the loss of n- is through contamination with *áŋāl- "to gape, open the mouth". // Present in 4/6 branches.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *[ńj]aŋaḷ

Meaning : palate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : aŋgaḷa, aŋgaḷu, aŋguḷa, aŋguḷi, aŋguḷe

Kannada meaning : palate

Kannada derivates : (UNR) aŋgilu, naŋgilu uvula

Notes : The dialectal Kannada form with n- may be just an occasional irregularity; cf., however, external correspondences.

Number in DED : 0033

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *aŋVl-

Meaning : palate

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : aŋgili

Number in DED : 33

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *naql-

Meaning : uvula

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Malto : naqlu

Number in DED : 33

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʔVŋV

Meaning: jaw, palate

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ēŋa(k`V)

Uralic: *äŋV chin (*oŋe 'jaw' (Coll. 3)) (cf. *oŋlV )

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *hʷejnev- 'speak, word' (?)

References: МССНЯ 371-372; ND 55 *ʔäŋʕ/GV 'chin' (with dubious Eg. and Chad. parallels); 2597 *Xän̄VkV ~ *XäŋkV 'jaw, palate' (same Alt., Ur. + Sem.).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ēŋa(k`V)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: chin, jaw

Russian meaning: подбородок, челюсть

Turkic: *ēŋ

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eŋge

Japanese: *ánk-

Comments: One could also reconstruct *ēna(k`V) - in which case cf. Kor. anɨm 'jowl, meat of the cheek' (KED 1068).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ēŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 cheeks 2 jaw, chin

Russian meaning: 1 щеки 2 челюсть, подбородок

Karakhanid: eŋ 1, eŋek 1, 2 (MK)

Turkish: enek 2

Tatar: ijäk 2

Middle Turkic: eŋek, enek 2 (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: engäk 2

Uighur: iŋäk 2

Sary-Yughur: iŋek 2

Azerbaidzhan: äŋ 2

Turkmen: ǟŋ 'lower jaw', eŋek 2

Khakassian: ek 2

Shor: ēk 2

Oyrat: ēk 2

Chuvash: ana 2

Yakut: iŋ 2

Kirghiz: ēk 2

Kazakh: ĭjek 2

Noghai: ijek 2

Bashkir: ĭjek 2

Karakalpak: ijek 2

Comments: EDT 166, 183, VEWT 45, ЭСТЯ 1, 284-285, Лексика 218-219, Федотов 1, 45.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)eŋge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: beak

Russian meaning: клюв

Literary Manchu: eŋge

Comments: ТМС 2, 457. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable parallels in Turkic and Mongolian.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ánk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 gills 2 jaw, chin

Russian meaning: 1 жабры 2 челюсть, подбородок

Old Japanese: agji, agjitopji

Middle Japanese: ágì, ágító

Tokyo: agó 2, agito 1,2

Kyoto: àgô 2

Kagoshima: ágo 2

Comments: JLTT 377. RJ, Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *á(n)kV̀ (the root ending is somewhat hard to reconstruct), but Kyoto has an unexpected circumflex tone.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 44

Proto: *äŋV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: chin

German meaning: Kinn (-backen, -lade)

Udmurt (Votyak): aŋ (S K) 'Backenbein, Kinnbacken'

Komi (Zyrian): an (Le. V P) 'Kinnlade, der Kiefer, Backenknochen, Kieme'

Khanty (Ostyak): äɣǝṇ (V), ȧŋǝn (DN O) 'Kinn'

Mansi (Vogul): īn (TČ), iɣǝn (KU), jēn (P), ēŋǝn (So.)

Nenets (Yurak): ńāŋū (O), ńīŋŋu (Nj.)

Enets (Yen): eu (Ch.), ńaŋu (B) 'Kinn, Backenknochen'

Selkup: aak͔al-lȋ (Ta.), aak͔a (Ke.), aak͔ai, ak͔ai (Čl.) 'Kinnlade'

Kamass: oŋo^.j

Addenda: Koib. огой 'щеки', Mot. огойба 'щека', Taig. üŋüšta 'Kinn'

References: Stein.FgrVok. 41; Stein.FgrKons. 33, 34

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *hʷejnev-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): говорить, слово

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *faʒnab (~ ạ)

Proto-Itelmen: *hine-

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *faʒnab (~ ạ)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): слово

Koryak: wańaw

Comments: Старый альнернат от *ʁeʒŋeb- 'звать, называть' (1436).

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *hine- EA

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): говорить кому-л., сказать

Itelmen: hene-kes (hine-) 1

Itelmen meaning: говорить кому-л., сказать 1, слово 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 149, 245

Stebnitsky reference: 104

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVNV

Meaning : jaw, palate

Eurasiatic : *ʔVŋV

Afroasiatic : *ʕanrab- tongue

Notes : ? Here Ain. *awe 'tongue'.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʕirn-ab

Meaning: tongue

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *(H)yar- 'language'

Central Chadic: *Hiran- 'tongue'

Saho-Afar: *ʕanrab-

Low East Cushitic: *ʕarray(b)- 'tongue'

High East Cushitic: *Harrab- 'tongue'

Warazi (Dullay): *Harrab- 'tongue'

Dahalo (Sanye): ʕééna 'tongue' (<*ʕern-?)

Mogogodo (Yaaku): *HVrib- 'tongue'

Omotic: *HVri(n)- ~ *HVl/rib- 'tongue'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *(H)yar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'language'

Hausa: yā̀rḗ

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *Hiran-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Mandara=Wandala: aara, nárà CLR II (met.)

Malgwa: nare (met.)[Lr]

Mofu-Gudur: ʔǝrné [BMof]

Gisiga: ʔirne [CLR: 329]

Notes: Cf. Matakam nɛʔɛn, lɛʔɛn (<*rVʔVn- with assimilation?).

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *ʕanrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Saho: anrā́b

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *ʕarray(b)-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'word, speech' 1, 'tongue' 2

Somali: éray 1 Abr 74, ʕárrab 2 ibid. 15

Oromo (Galla): arraba

Arbore: ʔǝrréb

Dasenech (Geleba): ʔɛre

Notes: Cf. PEC 23

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *Harrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Hadiya (Gudella): állaaba

Warazi etymology :

Proto-Warazi: *Harrab-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Gawwada (Gawata): arrap(-ko)

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: ʕééna

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Mogogodo etymology :

Mogogodo: erei, pl. ɛrɛp-a

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *HVri(n)- ~ *HVl/rib-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'tongue'

Ometo: eren-šaa

Anfillo (Southern Mao): erii-co

Bworo (Shinasha): albéra (met. <*ʕVlrVb- <*ʕVnrVb-?)

Notes: Sheko ɛrib, Dizi ʔéabil, Nao yalb

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