Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *śim-

Meaning : to wink, eyelid

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *śim-

Proto-Telugu : *cim-uṭ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *śim-

Meaning : to wink; eyelid

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : imai (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to wink, glitter, twinkle, shine; n. eyelid, winking of the eye, time spent in winking

Tamil derivates : cimiẓ (-pp-, -tt-) to wink, blink; cimiṭṭu (cimiṭṭi-) id., to make a signal with the eyes; n. blinking of the eyes, significant wink; cimiḷi (-pp-, -tt-) to wink; cimiḷippu winking of the eyes; cimpuḷi (-pp-, -tt-) to close or shut the eyes as in joy, terror, etc.; nimai (-pp-, -tt-) to wink; n. eyelid

Malayalam : ima

Malayalam meaning : eyelash

Malayalam derivates : imekka to blink, twinkle; cima eyelash; cimpuka, cimmuka, cīmpuka to twinkle with the eyes; cīmpal twinkling of the eyes; cīṇṭuka to give a secret sign

Kannada : ime, eme, eve

Kannada meaning : eyelash, eyelid

Kannada derivates : (Hal.) kǝnjɛme (n, not ñ) eyelid; cimuṭu, civaṭu, civuṭu to twinkle or wink with the eyes

Kodagu : cimm-

Kodagu meaning : (Shanmugam) to twinkle

Kodagu derivates : cimm blinking of the eyes

Tulu : imè, simè, simmè

Tulu meaning : eyelash

Number in DED : 2545

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *cim-uṭ-

Meaning : to wink

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : cimuṭu

Number in DED : 2545

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *c`VmrV

Meaning: to wink, eyelid

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *sarumV ( ~ z-, -ŕ-)

Kartvelian: ? *c̣am- (or *ć̣arb- 223?)

Dravidian: *śim-

References: ND 342 *ć̣[i]mV 'eyelid, blink' (Kartv., Drav. + ?Sem, Cush).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *sarumV ( ~ z-, -ŕ-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: eyelash, eyebrow

Russian meaning: ресница, бровь

Mongolian: *sormu-

Tungus-Manchu: *sarimi-

Korean: *sǝ̀m

Comments: KW 332, Rozycki 186.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sormu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eyelash

Russian meaning: ресница

Written Mongolian: sormu(u)su(n) (L 729)

Middle Mongolian: sormue (HY 45), surimusun ('body hair') (SH), ṣormoṣu 'eyelid' (IM), surbisun (MA), sarmasūn (Lig.VMI)

Khalkha: sormos(on), sormūs(an)

Buriat: hoŕmoho(n)

Kalmuck: sorṃsṇ

Ordos: sormūs, sormūsu

Dongxian: somosun

Comments: KW 332, MGCD 607.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sarimī-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash, eyebrow

Russian meaning: 1 моргать 2 ресница, бровь

Evenki: sarimī- 1, sarimikta 2

Even: harъm- 1, harъmtъ 2

Negidal: sajịmta 2

Spoken Manchu: śulimin 2 (17)

Literary Manchu: solmin 2

Ulcha: sarumta 2

Orok: sịr(ụ)mụqta 2

Nanai: sarmaqta 2

Oroch: sāmikta 2

Udighe: sāmikta 2

Solon: sammikta, sarmilta, sarmitta 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 66. TM > Dag. sarmilta 'eyebrow' (Тод. Даг. 162).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sǝ̀m

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: eyebrow

Russian meaning: бровь

Middle Korean: nún-sǝ̀m

Comments: Nam 115.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *c̣am-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: миг, мгновение (*моргание); ресница

English meaning: moment, wink; eye-lash

Georgian: c̣am- 'moment', c̣amc̣am- 'eye-lash'

Megrel: c̣um-, c̣un-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): минута, секунда

Megrel meaning (Eng.): minute, second

Svan: c̣äm- 'moment', c̣amc̣am 'swift'

Laz: c̣un- 'moment', ḳamc̣am 'eye-lash'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 242, EWK 496-497. Корень имеет несомненные СК параллели (ПВК *c̣ɦwĕme 'бровь', см. NCED 364), и возможно старое заимствование. С другой стороны, налицо интересные (хотя фонетически нерегулярные) ностратические параллели: алт. *sar(u)mV 'бровь, ресница'; драв. *sime- 'мигать; веко'; урал. *ŝilmä 'глаз'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMV

Meaning : eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head

Eurasiatic : *SVmrV

Afroasiatic : *sVʔVm- (cf. also Cush. *c̣VmVr- 'tail')

Sino-Caucasian : *c̣ɦwä̆mḗ

Austric : PAA *cVm 'hair', (Usher) Yao *syaam 'beard', Daic sam etc.

Amerind (misc.) : *cume 'hair' (R 339) [+ K]; cf. also *čom 'skin' (R 636)

African (misc.) : ? Bantu *-cé(é)mbò 'horn'.

Reference : ND 342, 2070 (with confusion); GE 12 *tsuma (+ Khois., NS)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVʔVm-

Meaning: hair

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: smꜣ (pyr) 'hair' (Copt. 'temple')

Western Chadic: *sum- 'hair'1, 'growth of hair' 2

Central Chadic: *sim-ti/ki 'hair-her' (?)

South Cushitic: *saʔam- 'hair' 1, 'body and limb hair' 2, 'feathers' 3

Omotic: *sVmm- 'hair'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: smꜣ (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hair'

Coptic: *smaw

Coptic meaning: 'temple'

Dial. of Middle Egypt: smau

Bohairic: smau

Sahidic: sma(a)u

Notes: Metathesis

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *sum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hair' 1, 'growth of hair' 2

Hausa: sū̀mā 2

Ngamo: sɔ̂m 1 [Kr N 36]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: (?) *sim-ti/ki

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hair-her'

Higi Futu: čin-ši [Kr N 36]

Higi Baza: šin-ti [Kr N 36]

Higi Nkafa: šìn-ti, šìn-tɛ-ɣɨ̀y 'hair', ɣɨ̀y 'head' [Kr N 36, 34]

Higi Ghye: šin-ǯi [Kr N 36]

Fali Kiria: šin-či [Kr N 36]

Kapsiki=Higi Kamale: šin-ti [Kr N 36]

Gude: šín-kínǝ (reg.poss., cf. ki -pron. 'she') [Hs]

Fali Jilvu: sɨm-čin [Kr N 36]

Fali Muchella: šim-ki [Kr N 36]

Fali Bwagira: šim-kin [Kr N 36]

Notes: The word 'hair' belongs to an 'inalienable'type (can not be used without a pronoun). The 3rd sg. fem. in higi group is ti, in bata gr. -ki (cf. Gude). Assim. of -m- in contact and palatalization.

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *saʔam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hair' 1, 'body and limb hair' 2, 'feathers' 3

Iraqw (Mbulu): sɛʔɛɛmi 1

Asa-Aramanic: seʔem-uk 1, 3

Qwadza (Ngomvia): saʔamayo 2

Notes: Ehr HRSC 350

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *sVmm-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hair'

Janjero (Yamma, Yemsa): somme

Notes: Contraction

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *c̣ɦwä̆mḗ

Meaning: hair

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *c̣ɦwĕme (~-ä-,-i)

Sino-Tibetan: *chām

Yenisseian: *cǝŋe

Burushaski: *śe[m] ?

Basque: *samar̄

Comments and references : HGC 19, WFR 87, MCGD 4.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c̣ɦwĕme (~-ä-,-i)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eyebrow

Proto-Nakh: *c̣a-c̣ʡVm

Proto-Lak: c̣ani

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷem

Notes: This EC root is not attested separately, but only in compounds *c̣ĭlV-c̣ɦwĕme (q.v.) or *ʡwĭlʡi-c̣ɦwĕme ("eyelash-eyebrow" or "eye-eyebrow"). Interlingual borrowings: Arch. darc̣an < Lak. it:a-c̣ani.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣a-c̣ʡVm

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eyebrow

Chechen: c̣oc̣q̇am

Ingush: c̣ac̣q̇am

Lak etymology :

Lak root: c̣ani

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eyebrow

Lak form: it:a-c̣ani

Comments: A compound with it:a- 'eye' (see ja).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷem

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: eyebrow

Lezghian: rc̣am

Tabasaran: ulč̣̌im / ulč̣̌am

Rutul: uli-zen (Shin.)

Kryz: ʕül-c̣äm

Comment: PL has only compounds *hʷil(i)-c̣ʷem (cf. also Lezg. Khl. gɨlc̣am, Tab. Düb. urč̣̌um / urč̣̌im; Rut. -zen also belongs here, but is irregular phonetically) and *c̣il(V)-c̣ʷem (see *c̣ĭlV).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chām

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hair of head

Chinese: � *s_rām hair.

Tibetan: ʔag-chom beard.

Burmese: ćham hair, LB *cham.

Kachin: sam³-ban⁴ hair of the head, (H) sam id.

Lushai: sam hair of the head; KC *sam.

Lepcha: ăcom

Kiranti: *sǝ̀m

Comments: Tsangla tśam; PG *chàm; Garo mik-sam eyebrow; Magari tśham; Bahing tsam ; Kham cèm; Kanauri tsam wool; Trung nǝ³-tshum¹. Sh. 72, 411; Ben. 29, 70.

Chinese characters :

Character: �

Modern (Beijing) reading: shān

Preclassic Old Chinese: srām

Classic Old Chinese: srām

Western Han Chinese: ṣām

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣām

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄m

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄m

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄m

Middle Chinese: ṣạm

English meaning : hair

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sǝ̀m

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: hair

Sunwar: cā̃ hair, fur (c- is unclear; cf. also gir-sowā body hair)

Tulung: sem hair, söm fur, animal's hair, hair on human skin, skin (of potato), pod

Kaling: sɔm hair, fur, feather

Limbu: -sāŋ in mik-sāŋ eyelashes, lɔpsāŋbā hair in armpits

Dumi: sǝm

Kulung: tɔ̄sǝm 'hair of head'

Comments: Toba 91 *sem.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: miksaN

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: eyelashes

Derivation: [< mik eye]

Comments: cf. mikphuN.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: sǝm

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: body hair; feathers, plumage, scales

Nepali: rãũ

Comments: cf. pha:sule:m.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: tɔ:sǝm

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: hair of the head

Nepali: kapāl.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *cǝŋe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hair

Ket: tъ̄ŋǝ

Yug: čъ̄ŋ

Kottish: heŋai

Arin: q́agaŋ

Pumpokol: xɨŋa

Comments: ССЕ 213-214. Werner 2, 304 makes an attempt to regard the word as a compound *cɨʔG- 'head' + iʔŋ 'skin' and reconstructs <*t'ǝŋǝ> (Kompositum). There is, however, a number of objections: 1) tonal characteristics of *cǝŋe are strongly against a compound of *cɨʔG+iʔŋ (two glottal stops must have had disappeared!); 2) *iʔŋ 'skin' is probably an unexisting form: Werner himself analyzes iʔŋ as "plural of ī 'skin'" (see 1, 373); 3) this ī 'skin' goes back to PY *ʔik (q.v.) (which Werner himself - 1, 392 - reconstructs as <*igǝ>. The "compound" etymology of *cǝŋe is thus completely untenable. Werner also doubts that Kott. heŋai belongs to this root - but in fact it is a completely regular reflex, see КС 151 (analogously cf. PY *cēse 'boot' > Kott. hēči, PY *cV(n)t- 'husband' > Kott. hat-).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *śe[m]

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: wool

Yasin: śe

Hunza: śe, pl. śémiŋ

Nagar: śe, pl. śémiŋ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *sama-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fleece, shorn wool 2 zamarra (animal hide used as raincoat) 3 mane 4 (men's) jacket or vest 5 blouse 6 apron worn by reapers

Bizkaian: txamarra 6

Gipuzkoan: txamarra 6

Low Navarrese: xamar 5, (Amikuse, Hazparren) zamar 1, 2, (Baigorri) txamarra 5

Salazarese: zamar 2, txamarra 6

Lapurdian: xamar 5, (Ainhoa) txamar 5

Baztanese: zamar 1, 2, xamar 4

Zuberoan: zã́mãr 2, 3, xã́mãr 5

Roncalese: zamar 2, txamarra 6

Comments: *čamar̄(a) is a diminutive/expressive form of *samar̄, and the source of Sp. chamarra 'wool or sheepskin jacket', etc.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *CVm

Meaning: hair

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: cVm

Austroasiatic meaning: hair

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao *syaam

Proto-Thai: sam

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVm

Meaning: hair

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: *suam

Proto-Bahnaric: JEH sɔ:m.T

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *suam

Meaning: body hair

Presyllable: pǝ- / #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: KUI su:m.N

Proto-East Katuic: *so:m / *suam

References: P-952

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: body hair

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Kui: su:m.N

Kui meaning: pubic hair

Kuay: suǝ̂m.N

Kuay meaning: pubic hair

Ngeu: suǝm.N

Ngeu meaning: pubic hair

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *so:m / *suam

Meaning: body hair

Presyllable: pǝ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: pǝsɔ:m V?

Pakoh meaning: body hair

Taojh: paso:m.T

Taojh meaning: body hair (VL)

Lao Katu: suam-suam

Lao Katu meaning: to have body hair

Ngeq: tuam suam

Ngeq meaning: hair

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