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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 17
Character: 三
MC description : 咸開一平談心
ZIHUI: 0005 1704
Beijing: san 11
Jinan: sã 11
Xi'an: sã 11
Taiyuan: sä̃ 1
Hankou: san 11
Chengdu: san 11
Yangzhou: sɛ̃ 11
Suzhou: se_ 11
Wenzhou: sa 11
Changsha: san 11
Shuangfeng: sã 11
Nanchang: san 11
Meixian: sam 11
Guangzhou: šām 11
Xiamen: sam 11 (lit.); sã 11
Chaozhou: sã XH
Fuzhou: saŋ 11
Shanghai: se_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: sam 3
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 三
Modern (Beijing) reading: sān
Preclassic Old Chinese: sǝ̄m
Classic Old Chinese: sǝ̄m
Western Han Chinese: sǝ̄m
Eastern Han Chinese: sǝ̄m
Early Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Middle Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Late Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Middle Chinese: sâm
English meaning : be three
Russian meaning[s]: 1) три; третий; 2) тройной; 3) три месяца, квартал; [sàn] трижды; [sā] втроем, трое
Comments: Also read sàn, MC sầm (FQ 蘇暫), OC *sǝ̄m-s. The development *-ǝ̄m > -âm is irregular (established by OC rhymes).
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 8
Karlgren code: 0648 a-c
Go-on: san
Kan-on: san
Japanese reading: san;mitsu
Vietnamese reading: tam
Jianchuan Bai: sã4
Dali Bai: sa4
Bijiang Bai: sã4
Shijing occurrences: 20.2_, 21.1, 50.3, 58.4, 58.5
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sɨ̄m
Meaning: three
Tibetan: sum, gsum three.
Burmese: sumh three, LB *sumx.
Kachin: mǝsum1 three.
Lushai: thum three, KC *k-in-thum.
Lepcha: sam three
Comments: PG *sòm; BG: Dimasa gă-thām, Garo gi-thom; Moshang a-tūm; Namsangia -ram; Kanauri śum; Rgyarung -sam; Kham somL-lo. Simon 23; Sh. 52, 125, 436; Ben. 94; Mat. 181.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-lush,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *súm
Meaning: three
Sunwar: 'sā̃
Tulung: 'su, süm
Kaling: 'sam- in 'samne 3 days ahead (cf. also ɔ-sɔm-kane 3 days ago); the form 'sukpu 'three' is not quite clear.
Comments: Toba 97 *su __pchi.
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,kiret-lim,kiret-dum,kiret-kul,kiret-yam,kiret-notes,
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Limbu dictionary :
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Entry: sumsi
Grammar: num.
Meaning: three.
limet-prnum,limet-pspeech,limet-meaning,
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Dumi dictionary :
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Entry: sukli
Grammar: num.
Meaning: three
Derivation: [in Mākpā only]
dumet-prnum,dumet-pspeech,dumet-meaning,dumet-dercomm,dumet-comments,
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Kulung dictionary :
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Entry: supci
Grammar: num.
Meaning: three..
kulet-prnum,kulet-pspeech,kulet-meaning,
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Yamphu dictionary :
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Entry: sumji
Grammar: num.
Meaning: three.
yamet-prnum,yamet-pspeech,yamet-meaning,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *śwímHV
Meaning: three
Comments and references : HGC 35, WFR 97. [Some initial irregularities] sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ś_wimHV
Meaning: three
Notes: A rather interesting Eastern Daghestanian root: all the listed forms for phonetic reasons can not be traced back to PEC and PNC *ƛHĕ 'three'. It is probable that in PNC we must reconstruct two pairs of numerals for 'three' and 'four'; the semantic difference between them is still to be established. In the case with *ś_wimHV it is also interesting to point out the Kartvelian word for three which is PK *sam- (see Klimov 1964, 161; despite several authors - Bork 1907, 23-24, Lafon 1952, 64, Klimov ibid. - the PK root can be hardly compared with PNC *ƛHĕ, but is a rather good match for the local EC *ś_wimHV).
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-lak,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: šam-a
Meaning: three
Lak form: šam=a
Comments: Cf. Khosr. šam=a id.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *š(ʷ)imV- /*s(ʷ)imV-
Meaning: three (in: thirty)
Tabasaran: simi-c̣ur
Agul: šin-c̣ur (Bursh.)
Comment: Tabasaran and Agul have preserved this relic numeral only within the compound *s(ʷ)imV-c̣u-r 'thirty' (with 'ten' as the second part). The initial consonant reveals a variation between *s(ʷ) and *š(ʷ)-;cf. also Tab. Kand. sumč̣ur, Düb. simič̣ur. In the Richa dialect of Agul the form is xim-c̣ur: this is obviously a contamination with the normal PL numeral 'three' *ʎep:ɨ- (q.v.); but neither Tab. simi-, nor Ag. Bursh. šin- in 'thirty' can not be traced back to *ʎep:ɨ-.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: pšʷa
North Caucasian etymology: 2318
Meaning: three
Khinalug form: pšʷa
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *doʔŋa
Meaning: three
Ket: dōŋ / dɔʔŋ attr. ; pred. inanim. dɔŋǝm6, anim. dɔ:ŋ / dɔŋeŋ5
Yug: doŋ / dɔʔŋ attr.; pred. inanim. dɔŋɛ6, anim. dɔ:hŋ / dɔŋeŋ5
Kottish: tōŋa, (Бол.) tonči; асс. toŋ́ä (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл., Ф.)
Arin: tūŋa (Стр.), t́oŋa (М., Сл., Кл., Ф.), t́uŋa (Срсл.) id., tentä[r] (Лоск.)
Pumpokol: dóŋa (Сл., Срсл., Кл.)
Comments: ССЕ 222. Werner 1, 203 <*doʔŋ>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-ari,yenet-pum,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *śum-sōi
Meaning: third unit in the four-finger measure system (sōi)
Hunza: śum-sṓi
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,
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