Chinese characters : List with all references

Character: 冷

Modern (Beijing) reading: lěng

Preclassic Old Chinese: rēŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: rḗŋ

Western Han Chinese: rḗŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: riḗŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: liḗŋ

Middle Chinese: lạ́iŋ

English meaning : cold [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) холод; холодно; холодный; 2) оцепенение; оцепенелый; 3) безлюдный; 4) неупотребительный (иероглиф); 5) холостой (выстрел); 6) перен. холодный, безучастный; безразличный, равнодушный; 7) Лэн (фамилия)

Comments: MC lạ́iŋ is irregular (a retroflex vowel after l-) and probably dialectal in origin; there is, indeed, a MC reading lieŋ, but it is used only in the reduplication lieŋ-lieŋ "a pure, 'icy', ling-ling sound". Viet. lạnh is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is lãnh. The word is most probably a late dialect variant of 涼 *raŋ q.v. For *r cf. Xiamen liŋ³, Chaozhou ne³, Fuzhou leŋ³, Jianou laiŋ³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 15

Four-angle index: 2072

Karlgren code: 0823 h

Vietnamese reading: lạnh

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Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *răŋ / *răk (k-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Chinese: 涼 *raŋ chilly, cold.

Tibetan: graŋ cold, cool, graŋs to grow cold.

Burmese: LB *krak cold.

Lushai: ṭaŋ (ṭan) be dry or dried, ṭaŋ-thōm cold (weather), KC *kraŋ.

Lepcha: kjaŋ to be extremely cold, to freeze, to chill

Comments: Mikir niŋ-kreŋ cold weather, winter. Sh. 50; Ben. 39; Bod. 165.

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 332

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 冷

MC description : 梗開二上梗來

ZIHUI: 0397 2448

Beijing: lǝŋ 2

Jinan: lǝŋ 2

Xi'an: lǝŋ 2

Taiyuan: lǝŋ 2

Hankou: nǝn 2

Chengdu: nǝn 2

Yangzhou: lǝn 2

Suzhou: lǝn 32 (lit.); laŋ 32

Wenzhou: liɛ 22

Changsha: nǝn 2

Shuangfeng: nin 2 (lit.); niõ 2

Nanchang: lǝn 2 (lit.); laŋ 2

Meixian: laŋ 11

Guangzhou: lāŋ 22

Xiamen: lîŋ 22

Chaozhou: ne 21

Fuzhou: leiŋ 2

Shanghai: lã 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: lǝŋ 2

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Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *rV́GwV(r) ( ~ -xGw-)

Meaning: cold

North Caucasian: *=irG_wVr

Sino-Tibetan: *răŋ / *răk (k-)

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=irG_wVr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, get cold

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=Vq̇:-

Proto-Dargwa: *=arʁIʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔirq:e(r)-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In PL and Cham. there occurred a secondary loss of labialization (before a front vowel?); otherwise the correspondences are regular (pharyngealization in PD is automatic, in the vicinity of a front vowel). A probable HU parallel is Hurr. e/igi, eg-o 'cold' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 60).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=Vq̇:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: get cold, cool

Chamalal: =aq̇:-

Comments: Isolated in Cham., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=arʁIʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: get cold, freeze

Akusha: =irʕ-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =aIrʕʷ-/=irʕʷ-. The Ak. adjective 'cold' (b-aIrʕib-si) is derived from this verb.

See PEC *-Hǝ̆χ_wV for explanation of the PD pharyngealization in this root.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔirq:e(r)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, get cold

Lezghian: req:i-

Tabasaran: a=ʁ-

Agul: ruʁ-

Rutul: si=ʁe-

Tsakhur: q-i=ʁar-

Kryz: s-aʁ-

Budukh: s-arʁ-

Archi: qe-

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. a=q:-, Ag. Bursh. urʕa-. Bud. and Kryz. reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔärq:e(r)- with a regular shift *ä > *a before a uvular. The adjective for 'cold' is in some languages derived from this verb, cf. Tab. Kand. ʁa-ʁu, Ag. ruʁu-f, Kryz. soʁa(j), Bud. soʁo. We should also add here (as an old participial structure, with loss of initial vowel), Kryz. q:aj 'cold' and Lezg. q:aj '(cold) wind'. A derivate from the same root is also Arch. qo-l 'ice'.