Chinese characters :

Character: 蛹

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǒng

Preclassic Old Chinese: loŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lóŋ

Western Han Chinese: lóŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: źóŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: źóŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jóŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: jóŋ

Middle Chinese: jö́uŋ

English meaning : chrysalis [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: куколка насекомого, кокон

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is dũng; nhộng is a colloquial loan with nasal assimilation.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 142

Four-angle index: 3639

Karlgren code: 1185 m

Vietnamese reading: nhộng

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lŏŋH / *lŏk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: maggot, larva, chrysalis

Chinese: 蛹 *loŋʔ chrysalis of the silk worm.

Burmese: lauk maggot, LB *[C]luk.

Lushai: luŋ (lun) be maggoty, be infested with maggots, KC *luŋ.

Comments: Cf. also Pa'o loŋ.33 'louse'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *mHiɫaxGwV́

Meaning: maggot; worm

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *mHilaGwV / *GHwimalV (~ -ɫ-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lŏŋH / *lŏk [if < *m-lŏŋH / -k}

Burushaski: *mulagéi

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *mHilaGwV / *GHwimalV (~ -ɫ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: worm

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁʷimilV (~ *ʁ:ʷ-,r)

Proto-Dargwa: *milaq:Iʷ

Proto-Lezghian: *mulaqIʷ

Proto-Khinalug: mok

Proto-West Caucasian: *χÍamǝlǝ-

Notes: An interesting trisyllabic root with metatheses (rather usual in this case). Not quite clear is the reason for devoicing in PWC (regularly *ʁ́I(ʷ) would be expected); otherwise the correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite plausible.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʁʷimilV (~ *ʁ:ʷ-,r)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: worm

Tsezi: ʁumeli

Comments: The Tsez. form is isolated (although external parallels are quite reliable), thus the PTs reconstruction is only tentative.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *milaq:Iʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: worm

Akusha: miliq:

Chiragh: milaq:Iʷ

Comments: Cf. also Ur. (Uslar) mulerq:, Ak. (Musayev) milaIq:, Kub. māIqʷ.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *mulaqIʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake

Lezghian: ʁüläʁ 2

Tabasaran: malaqIʷ 1

Agul: maluqI 1

Rutul: muluχI 1

Tsakhur: mɨqI 1

Budukh: mulaʡ 1

Archi: miliχIu 1

Udi: meq 1

Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. mulaqI, Ag. Burk. mäIleqʷ. In Lezg. the ʁ- is a secondary prothesis (cf. Khl. üläʁ, with regular dropping of initial *m(u)-).

    See Гигинейшвили 1977, 97.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *χÍamǝlǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: worm

Adyghe: ħāmlǝw

Kabardian: ħambǝlǝw

Comments: PAK *ħamǝLǝ-wǝ.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *mulagéi

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: an insect eating onions etc.

Hunza: mulagéi

Nagar: mulagéi

Comments: Sh. mulagéi

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : MVLV

Meaning : lizard, worm

Eurasiatic : *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)

Afroasiatic : *mVlVH- 'worm, lizard' (Cush., Chad., ?Berb.; Sem. *χulmaṭ-); cf. also *ḫVmVl- 2871

Sino-Caucasian : *mHiɫaxGwV́

Austric : PAA *mǝ:l / *mǝl 'larva, worm', PAN *timel (*qatimela) 'flea, louse, bug'

Amerind (misc.) : *mulu 'fly; mosquito' ? (R 285)

Reference : ND 1411, 1417, 2580.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)

Meaning: lizard, slug

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *mlk-, -g-

Altaic: ? *mi̯olk`o 'creep, slide'

Kartvelian: *mxul-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *mǝl

Comments: Cf. also CK *mǝl 'louse', PIE *mol(w) 'moth'.

References: ND 1411a *melVɣ/χV 'lizard, small reptile', 1417a *mAlaŋkV 'eel, worm, snake' (traces of this root may have been preserved in Mong. - melekei, Drav. - *malaŋ-, and Jap. - munagi - but mixed up with reflexes of different roots); 2580 *χUḷV 'lizard, snake' (same Kartv. + var. SH + dub. Alt. and Drav.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *m^olk-, -g-

Meaning: slug, salamander

Slavic: *(s)mъlžь: Rus dial smóɫž, smóɫžen', Blr смоўж, Czech mlž `моллюск', Pol maɫż id., Polab mou̯z `улитка'

Germanic: *múlx-a-, -an- m.

Albanian: moɫēz Eidechse

Russ. meaning: жаба (слизень, саламандра)

References: WP II 284 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *múlxa-z, *múlxēn

Meaning: lizard, salamander

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Saxon: molle

Middle Low German: molle

Old High German: mol (um 800), mol(l) (um 1100), molm (9.Jh.), molt (Hs. 12.Jh.)

Middle High German: mol, molle st./wk. m. 'eidechse, molche'

German: Molche `Salamander' (15.Jh.)

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *mi̯olk`o

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to creep, slide

Russian meaning: ползти, скользить

Mongolian: *mölki-

Tungus-Manchu: *milkü- / *mirkü-

Japanese: *mǝkǝ-jǝp- (~-ua-)

Comments: Poppe 36.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *mölki-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to creep

Russian meaning: ползти

Written Mongolian: mölkü- (L 546)

Khalkha: mölxö-

Buriat: mülxi-

Kalmuck: mölkǝ-

Ordos: mölχö-

Dagur: milku-, mulku- (Тод. Даг. 154)

Shary-Yoghur: mǝlgǝ-

Mogol: ZM molku- (10-4b)

Comments: KW 265, MGCD 489.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *milkü- / *mirkü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to creep

Russian meaning: ползти

Evenki: mirki-, dial. milki-

Even: mirkъ-

Negidal: mīxi-

Spoken Manchu: muči-, ḿuči- (1236, 2302)

Literary Manchu: miču-, miǯi-

Ulcha: miču-

Orok: mitu-

Nanai: miku-

Oroch: mikki-

Udighe: miki-

Solon: milki-

Comments: ТМС 1, 537-538.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *mǝkǝ-jǝp- (~-ua-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to creep (as snake)

Russian meaning: ползти (о змее)

Old Japanese: m(w)ok(w)oj(w)op- ( ~ -g-)

Middle Japanese: mokojof-

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *mxul-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: ящерица

English meaning: lizard

Georgian: xvl-iḳ- (Old Georg. mxwliv-)

Megrel: xvil-ar-, xvel-ar-, xol-ar-, xvi-ar-

Laz: (m)xol-ur-, pxor-ul-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 144, EWK 255-256. Ср., может быть, ПСК *mHilaGwV (/*GHwimalV) 'червь' (NCED 817-818).

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *'ǝmlǝ

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вошь

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *mǝmlǝ #, *ǝml-, *-ǝmlǝ(-)

Proto-Itelmen: *mil "

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *mǝmlǝ #, *ǝml-, *-ǝmlǝ(-)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вошь 1, насекомое 2, лягушка, насекомое 3

Chukchee: mǝ́m(ǝ)l, -mlǝ(-) (I) 1

Koryak: mǝmǝl, mǝmlǝ- (I) 1, nǝnnǝ mǝĺ-ɣǝjneken 3

Palan: mǝmǝl- 1, mĺ-ɣǝrnek (II) 2

Alutor: mǝmǝ̀llǝ, mǝmlǝ- 1

Comments: В НРС mǝl-ɣǝjnek переведено как 'насекомое', а в КРС данное слово дано в качестве перевода рус.'лягушка', буквально это 'имя животного типа mǝĺ-', ср. также кор. mlulkǝl 'стекоза' (РКС 561). Здесь явно путаница насекомых и пресмыкающихся. По развитию начала *mǝmlǝ, ср. также 'вода', 'тюлень', 'стрела'.

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *mil "

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): вошь

Itelmen: mil- 1, mil-ti-kes 2

Itelmen meaning: вошь 1, обовшиветь 2

West Itelmen: miĺ-miĺ (mil pl.)

West Itelmen meaning: pediculus

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): wesz

South Itelmen: viĺ-miĺ

South Itelmen meaning (Latin): pediculus capitis

South Itelmen meaning (Polish): wesz

Number in Volodin 1976: 211

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *muluʕ- (?)

Meaning: lizard

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *muluH- 'gray lizard'

Saho-Afar: *muluʕ- 'lizard'

Low East Cushitic: *muluʕ- 'lizard'

Notes: Scarce data.

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *muluH-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'gray lizard'

Bokos: mulú-sûs

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *muluʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lizard'

Afar (Danakil): mulluʕ-it

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *muluʕ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'lizard'

Somali: muluʕa

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *mVl

Meaning: bug, worm

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *mǝ:l / *mǝl

Austroasiatic meaning: larva, worm

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao mua.2 flea

Proto-Austronesian: *timel

Austronesian meaning: flea, louse, bug

Austronesian code: 23:28

Notes: Two roots?

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *mǝ:l / *mǝl

Meaning: larva, worm

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khmer: srǝmaǝl

Proto-Khmu: *mɨl

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