Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *q̇uw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thief

Chechen: q̇u

Ingush: q̇u

Batsbi: q̇uw

Comments: Obl. base *q̇u-ne- (cf. Chech. q̇üna-, Ing. q̇uno). A more archaic oblique base had been *q̇awV-, whence with suffixation PN *q̇awV-la: Chech. q̇ajla-=āχa, Ing. q̇ajla-aχa 'to conceal', and, with an early contraction, PN *q̇ōlV (obl. q̇ālu-) 'theft' > Chech. q̇ōla, Ing. q̇ɔl (reflecting the oblique stem; cf. also Cheb. q̇ālu, Shar., Khild. etc. q̇ōlu), Bacb. q̇ol (Matsiyev: q̇olo, Desheriyev: q̇ole).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HirG_wĔ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to steal, conceal

Proto-Nakh: *q̇uw

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇:-

Proto-Tsezian: *=uq- ( ~ =oq-)

Proto-Lak: =aIjq̇i-

Proto-Dargwa: *=irʁIʷ-

Proto-Lezghian: *-i(r)q̇:ʷV-

Proto-West Caucasian: *ǴʷV

Notes: A rather widely spread common NC root; correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to hide, to conceal 2 to steal

Avar: =iq̇:- 2

Chadakolob: =iq̇- 1,2

Andian language: =eq̇:aš:- 1,2

Chamalal: =eq̇:as:- 1 (Gig.)

Tindi: =aq:aš- 1,2

Karata: =eq̇:eš:- 2

Godoberi: =aq̇:aš:- 2

Comments: All Andian languages reflect a stem *=iq̇:-aš:- with an expressive suffix. The Avar parallel for it (with an irregular correspondence in the suffix) is q̇:osn- 'to get lost, go astray'.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=uq- ( ~ =oq-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to hide

Tsezi: =uq-

Ginukh: =uq-

Comments: PTsKh *=uq-.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =aIjq̇i-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be lost, mistaken, go astray

Lak form: =aIjq̇i-n

Comments: G. pr. =aIjq̇unu.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=irʁIʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to deceive

Akusha: =irʕʷ- (Ur.)

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *-i(r)q̇:ʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: secretly, by stealth

Udi: muq:in

Comment: A derivate from a former verbal root; attested only in Udi, but having probable external parallels.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ǴʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to steal

Abkhaz: a-ʁ́ǝ́-č́-ra

Abaza: ʁǝ́-č́-ra

Adyghe: tǝ-ʁʷa-n

Kabardian: dǝ-ʁʷa-n

Comments: PAT *ɣǝ-č́ǝ- (a compound with an unclear second part); PAK *t:ǝ-ʁʷa-. See Rogava 1956, 39, Shagirov 1,154 (despite these authors, Ub. wǝć(ǝ)- 'to steal' can hardly be related, for phonetic reasons). The nature of initial *t:ǝ- in PAK, as well as of *-č́ǝ in PAT, is not yet clear.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HírGwĔ

Meaning: to steal

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HirG_wĔ

Sino-Tibetan: *qhō (r-)

Burushaski: *ɣé-

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qhō (r-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rob, steal

Chinese: 寇 *khōs to rob, robber.

Tibetan: rku (p. (b)rkus, f. brku, i. rkus) to steal, to rob.

Burmese: khǝwh to steal, LB *khǝwx.

Kachin: lǝgu³ to steal.

Lushai: ru (rūk) to steal, to thieve, KC *m-r²-ɣuʔ.

Lepcha: kŭt-mo a thief, theft, ku mók theft

Kiranti: *khù(s)

Comments: Bodo kaw; Newari khu/; Moshang a-gu, Namsangia hu-; Rawang khü, Trung kǝ¹; Bahing ku. Sh. 407, 428; Ben. 21; Mat. 191; Peiros-Starostin 216.

Chinese characters :

Character: 寇

Modern (Beijing) reading: kòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: khōs

Classic Old Chinese: khōh

Western Han Chinese: khwāh

Eastern Han Chinese: khwāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: khṑw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: khʌ̀w

English meaning : to rob, robber

Russian meaning[s]: 1) грабить, разбойничать, вторгаться; грабители, бандиты, враг; противник; 2) Коу (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7310

Karlgren code: 0111 a-b

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1135

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 寇

MC description : 流開一去候溪

ZIHUI: 1379 1562

Beijing: khou 3

Jinan: khou 3

Xi'an: khou 3

Taiyuan: khou 3

Hankou: khou 3

Chengdu: khǝu 3

Yangzhou: khôɨ 3

Suzhou: khöy 31

Wenzhou: khau 31

Changsha: khôu 31

Shuangfeng: khie 31

Nanchang: khiɛu 2

Meixian: khɛu 3

Guangzhou: khau 31

Xiamen: khɔ 31

Chaozhou: khou 31

Fuzhou: khau 31

Shanghai: khôɨ 3

Zhongyuan yinyun: khou 3

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *khù(s)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: steal, thief

Sunwar: khuj thief (<*khut)

Tulung: khu- steal, khucübo, -wa (=K khespö) thief

Kaling: khenä (kheŋɔ) to rob, khepä (adj.) thief, khespö thief

Limbu: khumā (khuttu) to steal, kekhūpā thief

Dumi: khīnɨ

Kulung: khuma 'steal', khuspa 'thief'

Yamphu: khu:ma

Comments: Toba 96 *khu(s)-.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: khupmaʔ, -khutt-/-khut-/-khuʔl

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: I vt. II vi.

Meaning: I rob someone; steal smth. II 1) steal, commit a theft 2) be stolen

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: khi:nɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vt-6b khi:y/khi:-khe:

Meaning: steal

Nepali: cornu

Comments: Hammɨlʔa mom boʔo khi:ni They stole it; ANa a-po khi:Ntǝ I'll steal yours; Tom boʔo khi:! Steal it!; ANa hammɨl-po khi:Nu I stole theirs; cf. khi:nɨ vi-2a.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: khuma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-3 [1: khus- 2: khu-]

Meaning: be a thief.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: khu:ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <khu:s- ; khu:->

Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.

Meaning: to steal

Comments: khu:ghäʔma to go stealthily, to steal out; khu:jama to live by stealing.

Nepali: cornu

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ɣe-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 to steal 2 thief

Yasin: ɣé- 1, ɣēn 2

Hunza: ɣiín 2

Nagar: ɣáin 2

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVRKWV

Meaning : to steal

Sino-Caucasian : *HirG_wĔ

Austric : PAN *Cakaw, *nakaw 'steal, thief'.

Amerind (misc.) : ? *ḳʷawa 'steal' (R 691) [+ A k]

Notes : PAN may be < PST.

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