Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣ōka

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin

Chechen: c̣ōka

Ingush: c̣oka

Comments: 4th class in Chech.; 3d or 4th class in Ing. (3d class - generally, 4th class - "skin of a wolf, dog, hare etc."). Cf. also Pharch. c̣ōka, Lev. c̣wōka.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʒ_ǟnkwV̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin

Proto-Nakh: *c̣ōka

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣:ikʷV

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣:ämk / *kämc̣:

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Lak. c̣uku 'goat' does not belong here (see *ʒ_ɨ̄kV 'goat'); however, Lak. c̣uku-ls:a 'goat skin' can represent a merger of these two roots. The PL form presupposes rather *-mk- than *-nkw-, thus variants may have existed.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣:ikʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 skin 2 skin (of small animals, but not of sheep)

Avar: c̣:okó 2

Chadakolob: c̣oko 1

Andian language: c̣:uku 2

Akhvakh: c̣:oko 1

Tindi: c:oka 2

Karata: c̣:oko 2

Botlikh: c̣:uku 2

Comments: Av. paradigm B (c̣:akí-l, c̣:aká-l).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣:ämk / *kämc̣:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 feather, down 2 goat skin, goat wool

Lezghian: c̣akul 1

Tabasaran: zikw 1

Archi: ḳenc̣ 2

Comment: The Lezg. and Tab. forms point to *c̣: in PL (conf. the correspondence Lezg. lit. c̣ak-ul : Khl. ckʷal without glottalisation, and the Tab. Kand. form c:ikʷ). Archi also has c̣: (cf. the erg. ḳenc̣:i, pl. ḳenc̣:-um) which is a strong point in favour of the comparison (inspite of the rather frequent metathesis). The Inlaut nasal must have been labial (to account for its loss in Tab. and lesg. - the dental would have been preserved - and the compensating labialisation of the velar).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *sdǟ́nkwV̄

Meaning: skin; shape

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʒ_ǟnkwV̄

Sino-Tibetan: *CVk

Yenisseian: *tuŋ ( ~ -ū-)

Comments and references : A regular match in PY would be *tūŋ(V); thus Ket., Sym. tūŋ may be in fact a misrecording instead of *tu:^hŋ.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *CVk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin, bark

Kiranti: *sV̀(k)

Comments: Cf. also Tani: Milang acuk, Padam ašik, Shaiyang a-sik 'bark', Konyak *sVC; Sichuan: Namuzi ǝr.55 ṣɨ.33, Guiqiong çi.53, Qiang tʃhɨ.31 pa.33 'skin'.

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sV̀(k)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: skin, bark

Kaling: sɔ- in sɔkɔ skin, bark, leather

Limbu: seu, seho hide

Dumi: sǝkkǝ

Kulung: sɔkɔwar

Comments: Toba 95 *sVgraw- (?). Occurs only within *sV̀-qhák.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: siNhɔk

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: bark (of a tree).

Derivation: [siN wood + hɔk crust, cortex, husk; cf. pha- hɔk, phakhɔk]

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: sǝkkǝ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: skin, hide, integument, bark, peel, rind, shell

Nepali: bokro, chālā.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: sɔkɔwar

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: skin

Nepali: chālā.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tuŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: skin for making belts

Ket: tūŋ, pl. tūŋǝn

Yug: tūŋ, pl. tuŋɨn

Comments: ССЕ 290. Werner 2, 296 (without reconstruction).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : skin, hair

Eurasiatic : *ṭVwq̇V

Afroasiatic : Cush. *ṭVg-, Chad. *ṭVk- ~ *tVk- skin, body

Sino-Caucasian : ? *sdǟ́nkwV̄

Amerind (misc.) : *toke 'skin' (R 634) [+ A]

Reference : ND 2349a, 2411.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭVwq̇V

Meaning: skin, hair on body

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *twak-

Altaic: *t`i̯ū́k`e

Uralic: *teškä (*tekšä) ?

Kartvelian: *ṭq̇aw-

References: ND 2349a *ṭüKV 'hair' (Turk. + ECush. + one WChad.); 2411 *ṭo(w)q̇a 'hide, skin' (Kartv. + Alt. + IE + Chad.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *twak-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: skin, hide

Hittite: twekka- (twikka-) c. `Körper, Person, selbst' (Friedrich 226)

Old Indian: tvacas- `skin' (in comp. as wie hiraṇya-tvacas-), {tvacasya- in der Haut befindlich}, tvaca- n., tvác- f. `skin, hide, bark, peel'

Old Greek: sákos n. `Schild (aus Leder)' (Cretan word acc. to AB 1096)

Russ. meaning: кожа, шкура

References: WP I 747

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 2051

Root: tu̯akos

English meaning: skin

German meaning: `Haut'

Grammatical comments: n.

Material: Ai. tvacas- `Haut' (in Kompos. wie hiranya-tvacas- `goldfellig' und in tvacasya- `in der Haut befindlich'), daneben tvák- f. `Haut, Fell'; gr. σάκος `Schild' (aus Häuten, Leder), φερε-σσάκης `Schildträger'; hitt. tu̯ekkas `Körper, Person, selbst'.

References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.

Pages: 1099

PIE database: PIE database

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`i̯ū́k`e ( ~ -i)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hair (on body)

Russian meaning: волосы, шерсть; покрышка на шубе

Turkic: *tǖk

Mongolian: *tokum

Tungus-Manchu: *tiKi ( ~ -ü-)

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 282, Дыбо 10, Лексика 198. A Western isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *tǖk

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 feather 2 (animal's) hair 3 (body) hair 4 fur 5 hair

Russian meaning: 1 перо 2 шерсть (животного) 3 волос (на теле) 4 мех 5 волос

Old Turkic: tü 1, 3 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: tü 3 (MK, KB)

Turkish: tüj 1-5

Tatar: tök 1, 2, 3

Middle Turkic: tük, tüj, tüg 3 (Sangl.)

Uzbek: tuk 3

Uighur: tük 2, 3

Azerbaidzhan: tük 1,2,3,5

Turkmen: tüj 2,3

Khakassian: tük 1, 2, 3

Shor: tük 1

Oyrat: tük 1, 2, 3

Halaj: tīk 3

Chuvash: tǝʷk 1, 3

Yakut: tǖ 1, 2, 3, 4

Dolgan: tǖ 1, 2

Tuva: dük 3, 5

Tofalar: dük (Рас. ФиЛ), tük 2, 3, 5

Kirghiz: tük 2, 3

Kazakh: tük 3

Noghai: tük 1, 2, 3

Bashkir: tök 2, 3

Balkar: tük 1, 2, 3

Gagauz: tüj 1, 2, 3

Karaim: tik, t́uk 2, 3

Karakalpak: tük 1, 2, 3

Salar: tüx, ʒ́üx 2 (ССЯ)

Kumyk: tük 3

Comments: VEWT 503; EDT 433 (: originally only 'body hair', opposed to sač 'hair of head', kɨl 'hair (in general)' and jüg 'feather'); Лексика 197-198; Stachowski 236. Loss of *-k in OT and Yak. is not quite clear (perhaps a rather unique development of the final *-ǖk).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *tokum

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 saddle blanket 2 to saddle

Russian meaning: 1 попона 2 седлать

Written Mongolian: toqum 1, toqu- 2 (L 829, 830)

Middle Mongolian: toxu (HY 39), toqu'ul- 2 (SH), ṭoɣu- (IM), tuɣum (LH)

Khalkha: toxum, toxom 1, toxo- 2

Buriat: toxom 1, toxo- 2

Kalmuck: toxǝm 1, toxǝ- 2

Ordos: doxom 1, doxo- 2

Dongxian: toɣun 1, toɣu- 2

Baoan: toχǝ- 2

Dagur: toku, toko 1, togu- 2 (Тод. Даг. 168 toxo-, togo-), toke 1, tohe-, toke- 2(MD 225)

Shary-Yoghur: toGom 1, toGo- 2

Monguor: tuGun (SM 429), tuGum 1, tuGu- (SM 428) 2

Comments: KW 397, MGCD 363, 642, 643. Mong. > Oyr. toqɨ-, toqum etc. (see TMN 1, 272, 274, Лексика 544-545); > Evk. toku-, tokum etc. (see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 209).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *tiKi ( ~ -ü-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hair on skin

Russian meaning: шерсть на шкуре

Evenki: tikikta

Even: tīken

Negidal: tịkta

Oroch: tikta

Comments: ТМС 2, 178.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1663

Proto: *teškä (*tekšä)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: smth. protruding

German meaning: etw. Hervorstehendes: Spitze, Bart, Оhre, Gras, Pflanze, Strauch

Finnish: tähkä 'Ähre' (? > Est. dial. tähk, tähkmes) ?

Mordovian: t́ikše (E), t́išä (M) 'Gras, Pflanze'

Mari (Cheremis): tǝškä (KB), tüška (U B M) 'Strauch, Straude, Barthaar od. Haarbüschel auf der Warze, Warzenbart; Haufe, Gesträuch (in dem mehrere Schößlinge wachsen), Gruppe'

Udmurt (Votyak): tuš (S K G), tu̇š (K) 'Bart'

Komi (Zyrian): toš (tošk-, toš-) (S P), tuš (PO) 'Bart'

Addenda: Veps. t́ähk, tähk

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭq̇eb-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: обдирать кожу

English meaning: to skin

Georgian: ṭq̇eb-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): бить себя по голове, оплакивать; ṭq̇av- 'шкура, кожа'

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to hit oneself on the head, to mourn; ṭq̇av- 'skin, hide'

Megrel: ṭq̇ab-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): сдирать шкуру; ṭq̇eb- шкура

Megrel meaning (Eng.): to skin; ṭq̇eb- 'hide'

Laz: ṭ(ḳ)eb-

Laz meaning (Rus.): шкура

Laz meaning (Eng.): hide

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 183-184 (*ṭq̇aw-), EWK 337-338. ПК *ṭq̇ew- 'шкура' - при условии вторичной метатезы - может быть сопоставлена с ПИЕ *twak-os 'кожа', алт. *t`uk`i 'волосы, шерсть'.

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