Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *lē-w- / *ʔāʎ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to say

Chechen: lē-, āl-

Ingush: le-, al-

Batsbi: lev-, aʎ-

Comments: The PN paradigm is *ʔāʎ- (term.) vs. *lē-w- (with loss of initial vowel) (dur.). In Bacb. there also exists a secondary Ablaut stem law- "to talk to someone".

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *HiŁ_V ( ~ -ä-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to say

Proto-Nakh: *lē-w- / *ʔāʎ-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hiƛ̣:-

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔiƛ-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Vowel length is not clear (PN probably reflects an alternation of long/short root vowels); otherwise regular. Cf. also Hurr. χill- 'to speak' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 51).

    See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241 (with incorrect Lezg. and Darg. parallels).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hiƛ̣:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to say

Andian language: hiƛ̣:on-

Akhvakh: eƛ̣:- (Gudava)

Chamalal: iƛ̣:-

Tindi: hiƛ̣:-

Karata: k-eƛ̣:-

Botlikh: hiƛ̣:-

Bagvalal: hiƛ̣:-

Godoberi: hiƛ̣:-

Comments: Cf. also Kar. Arch., Anch. heƛ̣:-, Cham. Gig. hiƛ̣:-. k- in Kar. is an old preverb. Reasons for -n-conjugation in And. are not clear. In Tindi there also exists a word ƛ̣:o 'a particle of indirect speech ("says")', reflecting an old Ablaut stem.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔiƛ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to speak, say 2 to call

Tsezi: eƛ- 1

Ginukh: eƛ- 1

Khvarshi: iƛ- 1

Inkhokvari: iƛ- 1

Bezhta: iƛ- 2

Gunzib: iƛ- 2

Comments: PTsKh, PGB *ʔiƛ-. Cf. also Gunz. ƛe 'a particle of indirect speech ("says")', and aƛ- 'to cry (out)' which probably reflect old Ablaut variants.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *HíŁV̆

Meaning: to say

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *HiŁ_V ( ~ -ä-)

Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆

Yenisseian: *ʔV(ʔ)ĺ- ( ~ -r₁-)

Burushaski: *lte-

Comments and references : HGC 21, DCE 33.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lǝ̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: speak, speech

Chinese: 辭 *lhǝ words, speech.

Tibetan: zla, zlo (s) (p. bzlas, bzlos, f. bzlo, i. zlos) to say, tell, express.

Lushai: hla a hymn, a song (KC *hla).

Lepcha: lí, li-n to speak, to tell

Kiranti: *lǝ

Comments: Bunan la-la. Sh. 138, Bod. 181. Kiranti *blä(t) 'say' probably reflects the same root with Ablaut.

Chinese characters :

Character: 辭

Modern (Beijing) reading: cí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhǝ

Classic Old Chinese: lhǝ

Western Han Chinese: lhǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ

Late Postclassic Chinese: zhɨ

Middle Chinese: zjɨ

English meaning : words, speech; excuse, indictment, pleading

Russian meaning[s]: 1) речь, слова; выступление; показание; выражение, фраза; говорить; 2) отказать; отказаться; зарекаться; уступить; распрощаться; уволить; подать в отставку; 3) повод, предлог

Comments: Viet. lò'i is an archaic loanword; regular Sino-Viet. is tù'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 160

Four-angle index: 2419

Karlgren code: 0968 a

Vietnamese reading: lò'i

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2448

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 辭

MC description : 止開三平之邪

ZIHUI: 6588 0418

Beijing: chi_ 12

Jinan: chi_ 12

Xi'an: si_ 12

Taiyuan: chi_ 1

Hankou: chi_ 12

Chengdu: chi_ 12

Yangzhou: chi_ 12

Suzhou: zi_ 12

Wenzhou: zi_ 12

Changsha: ci_ 12

Shuangfeng: ʒi_ 12

Nanchang: chi_ 12

Meixian: chi_ 12

Guangzhou: čhi 12

Xiamen: su 12 (lit.); si 12

Chaozhou: si_ 12

Fuzhou: sy 12

Shanghai: zi_ 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: si_ 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *lǝ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: speech, word

Sunwar: lō

Tulung: lɔ

Kulung: lɔma 'tell, order'

Yamphu: lo:ma, lu:ma 'to say to smb.'; -lo 'marker of reported speech'

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: lɔma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-7 [1: lɔi- 2: lɔ- 3: lǝi- 4: lɔ-]

Meaning: tell, order

Nepali: bhannu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: lu:ma II

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <lu:s- ; lu:->

Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.

Meaning: to say to somebody

Comments: lu:beʔma to answer; lu:seʔma to explain, to say everything.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔVĺ-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to speak

Ket: ĺaĺ⁴ (North.), Kur. ĺa:ĺi⁴, Bak., Sur. ĺa:ĺǝ⁴ "to babble"

Kottish: d́-ili "speaking", d́il-ākŋ "to speak", praet. d́illōkŋ

Arin: qedɨ́lči (М., Сл., Кл.)

Pumpokol: kalú (Сл.)

Comments: In ССЕ 308 the Kott. form is attributed to *ʒVl- 'speak': this reconstruction is probably erroneous. We should probably reconstruct *ʔVĺ- and reduplicated *ĺVĺ- - cf. Werner 2, 6-7 <*ʎaʔǝlǝ / *d'aʔǝlǝ>. Velar q-, k- in Arin and Pumpokol are in this case most probably preverbial elements.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *lte-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 to swear 2 oath

Yasin: te- / -lte- 1

Hunza: te-ṣ 2

Nagar: te-ṣ 2

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVLV

Meaning : to say, speak

Sino-Caucasian : *HíŁV̆

Austric : *lVw

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *lVw

Meaning: to speak, tell

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *law / *la:w

Austroasiatic meaning: tell

Proto-Thai: kla:w.B speak; lau.B tell

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *law / *la:w

Meaning: tell

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kla:w.B speak; lau.B tell

Khmer: kla:w

Proto-Monic: M lau

Proto-Palaungic: *lau

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *la(:)w

Meaning: to tell, chat

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *lau

Riang: lâw.2

Riang meaning: to tell, inform

Proto-Angku: **la(:)w, Q-

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa: *lau

Meaning: to tell

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: lau.B

Paraok meaning: don't say

Ava: lau.2 CHE

Wa (dial.): lau.2

Wa (dial.) meaning: to tell stories

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