Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ha(ni)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: summer

Chiragh: ha

Comments: Cf. also Chir. hane 'in summer', Kub. hani-ši 'summer', Kait. han(a)-ši id.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʁwĭnʔV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: name of a season

Proto-Nakh: *ʡa

Proto-Lak: ʁʷi

Proto-Dargwa: *ha(ni)

Proto-West Caucasian: *ʁ́Iʷa

Notes: It is interesting to note that the roots meaning 'summer' and 'winter' have reversed their meanings in PN. The whole problem of reconstructing seasonal subdivisions in PNC still awaits investigation (there probably existed several major generic terms and a variety of names for relatively short periods of time, just as in modern languages). Despite semantic difficulties, it seems hardly possible to separate the Nakh forms from the rest.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʡa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: winter

Chechen: ʕa

Ingush: ʕa

Batsbi: ʕa

Comments: 3d class in all languages. Obl. base *ʕane- (cf. Chech. ʕäna-, Ing. ʕano). Cf. also Akk., Pharch. ʕa.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ʁʷi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: summer

Lak form: ʁi

Comments: Gen. ʁin-tni-l. Cf. Khosr. ʁʷi, ʁʷin-tni-l id.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ʁ́Iʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 spring 2 time, term, season

Abkhaz: ā́-pǝn 1

Abaza: ʕa-pnǝ 1

Adyghe: jǝ-ʁʷa 2

Kabardian: jǝ-ʁʷa 2

Ubykh: wa-fá-da 1

Comments: See on the PAT and Ub. compounds under *pʷV 'spring' (PWC *ʁ́Iʷa-pʷV-). PAK *jǝ-ʁʷá contains a pronominal prefix *jǝ-. PWC *ʁ́Iʷa should be kept separate from PWC *ʁ́a 'time, age' (q.v.): although reflexes of both roots have merged in PAT *ʕa-, the PAT form *ʕa-pǝ-(nǝ) 'spring' is very hard to separate from Ub. wa-fá-da, and PAT *ʕ (instead of expected *ʕʷ) must be explained by dissimilatory delabialisation (before following *-p-). In AK and Ubykh the two roots are still quite distinctly opposed.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[ʁ]wĕnʔV

Meaning: season, time

North Caucasian: *ʁwĭnʔV

Sino-Tibetan: *G(h)ŭn

Burushaski: *khēn

Basque: *negu

Comments and references : WFR 61.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *G(h)ŭn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: season, winter

Tibetan: dgun winter.

Lushai: hun time, season.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *khēn

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: time

Yasin: khen

Hunza: khḗn

Nagar: khḗn

Comments: Sh. khḗn

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *negu

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: winter

Bizkaian: negu

Gipuzkoan: negu

High Navarrese: negu

Low Navarrese: negu

Lapurdian: negu

Zuberoan: négü

Roncalese: negu

Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis: PNC *ʁwĭnʔV ~ PSC *nʔĭʁwV > Bsq *negu.

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