North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ăʁwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to smear, rub

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʁa-b-/*ʁa-n- (~-o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *=aχ-

Proto-Lak: =u=ʁa-

Proto-Dargwa: *č-aʁ-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaʁʷV

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʁa-b-/*ʁa-n- (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to scratch, scrape 2 to comb

Chamalal: ʁan- 1,2

Karata: ʁab- 1

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. ʁam- 'to scratch; to comb'. Only stem II (*ʁV-) is represented.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=aχ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to rub

Tsezi: =aħ-

Comments: Attested only in Tsez., but having probable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =u=ʁa-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to smear

Lak form: =u=ʁa-n

Comments: G. pr. =u=ʁu-n. Cf. Khosr. =u=ʁa-n id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *č-aʁ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bleach, whiten

Chiragh: čaʁ- / čejʁ-

Comments: The same verb means in Chir. also 'to close, shut'; this should be probably explained by an original meaning like "to paint over, to seal up". Cf. also (with the Ablaut grade i) Chir. =irʁʷ- / =iʁʷ- 'to scrape, scratch'.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaʁʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to smear, rub 2 to comb

Rutul: k-a=ʁʷa- 2

Tsakhur: q-a=ʁʷa- 1

Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. h-a=ʁʷa- 'to pull, drag', ǵ-a=ʁʷa- 'to comb'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ăʁwV

Meaning: to smear, dirty

North Caucasian: *=ăʁwV

Sino-Tibetan: *Gʷā(k)

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Gʷā(k)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dirt

Chinese: 汙 *ʔʷā impure, untidy.

Tibetan: ãgo (p. gos, ãgos) to dirty, sully oneself.

Kachin: wuʔ² be unclean, impure, ǝwuʔ² pollution, defilement.

Lepcha: ko to be muddy, thick (water etc); kă-kju-lă unwashed, dirty, filthy, unclean

Comments: Peiros-Starostin 213.

Chinese characters :

Character: 汙

Modern (Beijing) reading: wū

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔʷā

Classic Old Chinese: ʔwā

Western Han Chinese: ʔwā

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔwā

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔōw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔǝ̄w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔǝ̄w

Middle Chinese: ʔo

English meaning : impure, untidy

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стоячая вода; жидкая грязь; грязный; марать, пачкать; 2) осквернять; клеветать; позорить; 3) растлить, обесчестить; 4) алчный; алчность; жадность; коррупция; 5) прийти в упадок; пасть; 6) тусклый, матовый; 7) родимое пятно; синяк; [wù] очистить, отмыть грязь; [wā] 1) заболоченная низина, трясина; 2) яма; копать землю; [yū] согнуться; гнутый; [yú] сокр. Юйшуй (река в провинции Хэнань)

Comments: = 污.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 3240

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