North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦwǟlʒ́ĭ ( ~ -ĕ)

Meaning: mark, sign

Proto-Nakh: *host ( ~ f-,-ṭ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʔanži

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔ[ǝ̃]šV

Proto-Lak: aIš

Proto-Dargwa: *ħerc:i

Proto-Lezghian: *[ħ]elč:

Proto-West Caucasian: *b(ǝ)źa

Notes: An interesting common NC cattle-breeding term (with exact phonetic and semantic correspondences). The WC form has a very frequent prefixed labial (reflecting a class-marker).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *host ( ~ f-,-ṭ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark (on cattle's ear)

Chechen: host

Ingush: fost

Comments: 3d class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʔanži

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark, sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Avar: ʕuž

Chadakolob: ʕuž

Andian language: anži

Akhvakh: ãži

Chamalal: ãz

Tindi: anži

Godoberi: anži

Comments: Av. Chad. paradigm C (ʕuží-l, ʕúž-dal). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʕanži, Cham. Gig. anzi.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔ[ǝ̃]šV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Khvarshi: aše (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: ãše

Bezhta: ãž

Gunzib: ǝ̃ž

Comments: PTsKh *ʔãše; PGB *ʔ[ǝ̃]ž (in Gunz. Bokarev writes ʔǝ̃ž, but the MSU recording is ẽž; the former is probably more correct, but still the vocalic correspondence is aberrant).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: aIš

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sign, mark, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Lak form: aIš

Comments: Gen. aIš:u-l. Cf. Khosr. aIš, aIš:u-l id.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ħerc:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: notch, cut, mark; mark (on sheep's ear)

Akusha: ħerzi

Chiragh: ʕarc:e

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *[ħ]elč:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark, sign, target; mark (on sheep's ear)

Lezghian: erž (Khl.)

Tabasaran: miǯi (Düb.)

Agul: irž

Rutul: iǯ / liǯ

Tsakhur: iž

Archi: eIč

Comment: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. Cf. also Lezg. Khl. erg. erč:-eni, Ag. Burk. irǯ, Tp. erǯ id. The Anlaut correspondences are exceptional: quite strange is Tab. m-; the Archi pharyngealisation points to *ħ-, but other languages point rather to *ʔ(I). Perhaps we should reconstruct *ħʷ- (not attested elsewhere; this would provide at least some reason for Tab. m-). But otherwise the correspondences are quite regular: medial -r- in Lezg. and Ag., combined with the variation ʔ-/l- in Rut. (liǯ < *ʔilǯ) point unambiguously to PL *-l-.

    The oblique stem can not be reconstructed (the only form with a vocalic obl. base is Tsakh. ižɨ-, which is not enough for reconstruction).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *b(ǝ)źa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: mark (on cattle's ears)

Adyghe: tħā-bz

Kabardian: tħa-bza

Comments: PAK *tħa-bza (with *tħa- 'ear'); cf. also Kab. ʎā-bza 'mark (on bird's feet)'. Shagirov 1, 244 considers -bza here to be derived from bzǝ-n 'to cut' (q.v.); the external parallels, however, provide another explanation.

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