North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *č̣ä̆č̣wV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: small stone

Proto-Nakh: *č̣ič̣ ( ~ -ǯ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *č̣ič̣V

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣ič̣a ( ~ -ɨ-,-ǝ-)

Proto-Lak: č̣uč̣a

Proto-Dargwa: *čič-iḳ-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Except for dissimilatory deglottalisation in Darg. (before a historical diminutive suffix -iḳ-), correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *č̣ič̣ ( ~ -ǯ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: amulet (stone)

Chechen: č̣iž

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Chech. č̣ižarʁa, Ing. č̣inžarʁa 'elder-berry'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *č̣ič̣V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: small stone; road-metal

Andian language: č̣ič̣om

Comments: Attested only in And. (historically a collective form), but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *č̣ič̣a ( ~ -ɨ-,-ǝ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ashes, burnt coal-pieces

Ginukh: č̣eč̣a

Comments: Attested only in Gin., but having probable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: č̣uč̣a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: small stone

Lak form: č̣uč̣a

Comments: Cf. Khosr. č̣ʷuč̣ʷa id. (Khaidakov spells the lit. form: č̣uč̣ʷa).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *čič-iḳ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: small stone

Chiragh: čičiḳan

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *č̣ä̆č̣wV

Meaning: stone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *č̣ä̆č̣wV

Yenisseian: *čɨʔs

Burushaski: *ćhiṣ

Basque: *činčV

Comments and references : LDC 28. Despite similarity, the comparison presents some problems: PY -ʔ- does not correspond to lax phonation in PNC, and *-s in PY appears to be a (singulative) suffix. It would be perhaps better to compare PY *čɨʔ as a case of initial reduction with PNC *ɦǝ̄mVc̣_ŏ ( ~ ʕ-,-ʒ_-) `stone'? [In Bur. cf. rather Yas. ṣaṣól `small stones, gravel', Hun. ṣiṣk `very hard soil'].

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *čɨʔs

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stone

Ket: tɨʔś, pl. tʌʔŋ / tʌŋa:n³

Yug: čɨʔs, pl. čʌʔŋ; čʌŋa:n³ "rock"

Kottish: šīš, pl. šeŋ "Stein"; šiŋeäŋ, pl. šiŋeäkŋ "rock"; šin (Бол.) "stone"; Ass. šiš (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл., Ф.); Koib. šiš (Ф.) "stone", čiŋän (Мес) "rock"

Arin: kes (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл., Ф.) "stone"; (Лоск.) kes id.

Pumpokol: kit (Сл., Срсл., Кл.,) "stone" (the notation čɨs (Срсл., Кл.) = Yug)

Comments: ССЕ 217-218. Proto-Yenisseian is the plural form with Ablaut *čǝʔ-ŋ, which may indicate a suffixed nature of *-s in singular. Werner 2, 312 *t'ɨʔs; we should note that Werner separates the Arin and Pumpokol reflexes (kes and kit respectively) - in spite of their complete regularity, see КС 156; see discussion under *qeʔs.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ćhiṣ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: mountain

Yasin: ćiṣ

Hunza: ćhiṣ

Nagar: ćhiṣ

Comments: Sh. ćhī̃́ṣ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *činčV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: small stone, pebble

Gipuzkoan: txintxor

Zuberoan: txintxóla, hárri-txintxóla

Comments: For the expressive infix -n- cf. Ingush č̣inžarʁa 'elderberry' (< '*black pebble'?).

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVCV

Meaning : stone

Sino-Caucasian : *č̣ä̆č̣wV

Notes : A SC root without known external parallels. (cf. PND *cāc-ā 'stone').

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