North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ǝc̣_ŏr-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, turn to ice

Proto-Nakh: *c̣Vr-ḳāḳi

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣:VrV

Proto-Tsezian: *=oc̣V A (~-u-)

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔac̣Vr-

Proto-West Caucasian: *c̣ǝ-

Notes: The verbal (or adjectival) nature of the root is preserved only in PTS and Tsakh.; all other languages reflect the derived noun *c̣ŏrV.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *c̣Vr-ḳāḳi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thaw

Chechen: c̣eḳega (ICR)

Ingush: c̣erḳäga

Comments: A compound noun; the first part probably goes back to the EC root for 'ice, turn to ice'. The second part is not quite clear (cf. PN *ḳāḳi 'coals, live coals'?).

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣:VrV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ice

Avar: c̣:er

Chadakolob: c̣er

Comments: Paradigm C (c̣:oró-l, c̣:úr-dul, c̣:éra-l). Cf. also the derived adjective "cold": Av. lit. c̣:oróra-b, Chad. c̣ororab.

    The word is isolated in Av., but has probable external correspondences.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=oc̣V A (~-u-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold

Khvarshi: =ujc̣-

Inkhokvari: =uc̣c̣u

Comments: PTsKh *-uc̣-iju.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔac̣Vr-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to turn to ice 2 hoar-frost

Tsakhur: ajc̣ar-as

Budukh: c̣ar-aχ 2

Comment: The suffixed Bud. form > Khin. c̣araχ 'hoar-frost'.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *c̣ǝ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ice

Abkhaz: a-c̣ā́

Abaza: cħa-šʷǝ

Comments: PAT *c̣ǝ-ʕa / *c̣ǝ-ħa (with secondary deglottalisation in Abaz.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=ǝ́sṭŏr-

Meaning: to freeze; snow

North Caucasian: *=ǝc̣_ŏr-

Sino-Tibetan: *sēr ( ~ ch-)

Yenisseian: *tǝʔǝr (~-G-,-χ-,-ŕ)

Comments and references : HGC 30, WFR 104.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sēr ( ~ ch-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sleet, hail

Chinese: 霰 *sēns sleet.

Tibetan: ser-ba hail.

Kachin: sin¹ hail, hailstones.

Kiranti: Sunwar pha-še 'wind'

Comments: Sh. 52; Bod. 173; Coblin 135. Cf. perhaps Tani *sar 'wind'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 霰

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: sēns

Classic Old Chinese: sēnh

Western Han Chinese: sjānh

Eastern Han Chinese: siānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: siḕn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: siḕn

Late Postclassic Chinese: siḕn

Middle Chinese: sìen

English meaning : sleet

Russian meaning[s]: 1) крупа (снежная); 2) 17-е число (в телеграммах)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 173

Four-angle index: 6197

Karlgren code: 0156 d

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *se(r)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: wind

Sunwar: pha-še

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *tǝʔǝr (~-G-,-χ-,-ŕ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to freeze, frozen

Ket: tʌ:ĺ³

Yug: tъ:r³ / tъur³

Comments: ССЕ 283. Werner 2, 302 <*tǝgǝʎ > *tǝʔǝʎ>.

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