North Caucasian etymology : List with all references

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦĭfV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to guard, to graze

Proto-Nakh: *χa

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=ixʷ-

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔiχo

Proto-Lak: ħuχ-ču

Proto-Dargwa: *=iχ:I-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiʎʷV(n)-

Proto-West Caucasian: *fV

Notes: The semantic shift 'graze' > 'feed, eat' is frequent and easily understandable. The initial laryngeal can be reconstructed on basis of Av., Lak. and PTs data; it tends to be replaced by class markers (when the root is functioning as a verb), and in PN the weak syllable with the laryngeal was lost altogether.

In some cases it is hard to distinguish between reflexes of *ɦĭfV 'to guard, graze' and *HŭqwV 'to preserve, take care of'(q.v.) (this confusion is made, e.g., in Abdokov 1983, 88); the latter root,however, is certainly distinct in PL and PWC, and must be reconstructed as such.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *χa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: guard, protection

Chechen: χa

Ingush: χa

Comments: For the short vowel cf. Chech. dat. χa-na etc. 3d class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=ixʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 graze 2 feed, raise, educate 3 herdsman,shepherd

Avar: xix- 2, wex 3

Chadakolob: wex 3

Andian language: χoro-ša 3

Akhvakh: išʷa 3

Chamalal: =ehʷihʷ-1,ihʷa3

Tindi: ihʷa 3,ihʷa-ʎ-2

Karata: ixʷa 3,ixʷa-č-2

Bagvalal: ihʷa 3

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʕišow, Ratl. išo-daw 'herdsman', Kar. Tok., Arch. etc. ixʷa, Cham. Gig. iha, Bagv. Tlis. ixʷa, Kvan. iχʷa id. The Andian form is a compound χoro- 'sheep' + *ʔiš(ʷ)a 'herdsman'. Av. paradigm B (pl. ʕux-bí). Initial w- in Av. is most probably a class prefix (but the nature of ʕ- appearing in the plural form is yet to be determined). The verb stem is reduplicated in Av. and Cham. Some Andian languages have borrowed the Av. verb (in this way we must explain Akhv. =ixix-, And. Mun. kix-, Bagv. xix-, see Gudava 1964, 152). Av. wex > Bezht. (Tlad., Khosh.) wekä, Gunz. wexa.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔiχo

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shepherd

Tsezi: aħo

Ginukh: eχo

Khvarshi: iho

Inkhokvari: iho

Comments: PTsKh *ʔiχ1o.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: ħuχ-ču

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shepherd

Lak form: ħuχ-ču

Comments: Cf. Khosr. huχI-ču id. (-ču is a component with the meaning of Nomen agentis).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=iχ:I-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to guard

Chiragh: =iχ:I-

Comments: The Chir. dialect also has -a(l)χ:- 'to feed', which may be related (through vowel Ablaut). An archaic variant (with variation *x:/*χ:) may be Chir. ʕaš:e 'herdsman' ( < PD *ħax:i).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔiʎʷV(n)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 graze 2 herdsman 3 grass 4 preserve, raise (smn.)

Rutul: =ɨxa- 1

Tsakhur: uxīxe- 1

Kryz: xɨn 3

Budukh: xɨn 3

Archi: uʎ-du 2

Udi: ef-sun 4

Comment: Labialization was early lost in all languages except Arch. (cf. also Arch. plur. ʎʷ-at) and Ud. In Tsakh. the stem is reduplicated, but cf. also Tsakh. oxan-as 'to eat' which obviously belongs here too (the -n-conjugation may be explained either as secondary suffixation or as a result of contamination with the PL root *ʔikʷVn- 'to eat' q.v.).

The name for "grass" in Kryz. and Bud. (cf. also Rut. xɨn id.) can be explained as a derivate of the same verbal root (PL *(ʔi)ʎʷon).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *fV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to eat

Abkhaz: á-fa-ra

Abaza: fa-ra

Adyghe: šxǝ-n

Kabardian: šxǝ-n

Ubykh: fǝ-

Comments: PAT *fa, PAK *č-xa- (intr.), *č-xǝ- (tr. > Ad., Kab. šxǝ-n), Ub. 1 sg. á-s-fǝ-n (cf. also fǝ 'forage, food'). A rare case of PWC *f. In PAK obviously a compound, but its first component is not yet clear etymologically.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦĭxŋwV

Meaning: to graze; guard

North Caucasian: *ɦĭfV

Sino-Tibetan: *ŋ[u]a

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋ[u]a

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gamester, guard

Chinese: 虞 *ŋʷa gamester; forester.

Kachin: lǝŋa² a guard, a sentry, a watchman.

Chinese characters :

Character: 虞

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋua

Classic Old Chinese: ŋua

Western Han Chinese: ŋua

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋua

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋuo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋuo

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋuo

Middle Chinese: ŋü

English meaning : gamester

Russian meaning[s]: 1) считать, полагать, думать; предвидеть, быть готовым к...; 2) сомневаться; ошибаться; 3) опасение; беспокоиться; горе, несчастье; 4) довольный; 5) 7-е число (в телеграммах); 6) Юй (фамилия)

Comments: Min forms: Xiamen gu², Fuzhou ŋü², Chaozhou ŋo². Used also for a homonymous *ŋua 'to be anxious, foresee, consider' (cf. Tib. sŋo 'to bless' ?)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 141

Four-angle index: 4989

Karlgren code: 0059 h-i

Shijing occurrences: 25.1_, 25.2

bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1714

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 虞

MC description : 遇合三平虞疑

ZIHUI: 5713 1003

Beijing: y 12

Jinan: y 12

Xi'an: y 12

Taiyuan: y 1

Hankou: y 12

Chengdu: y 12

Yangzhou: y 12

Suzhou: ńy 12

Wenzhou: ńy 12

Changsha: y 12

Shuangfeng: ńy 12

Nanchang: ńy 31

Meixian: ńi 12

Guangzhou: jy 12

Xiamen: gu 12

Chaozhou: ŋo 12

Fuzhou: ŋy 12

Shanghai: ńy 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: iu 12

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