North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦreƛ̣_wĕ (~-ĭ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Proto-Nakh: *d(e)ʡeχk (̃-ḳ)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *roƛ̣:i

Proto-Tsezian: *ƛʷɨrV B

Proto-Lak: t:arḳ

Proto-Dargwa: *derɣ

Proto-Lezghian: *jirƛ̣:

Proto-Khinalug: inḳ

Proto-West Caucasian: *Ł́ʷa

Notes: A good common NC root with regular phonetic correspondences. See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241. Abdokov (1982, 82) compares the EC root (with a lot of confusion among EC reflexes) with WC *bǝ̃źʷa 'horn' - which is quite impossible for phonetic reasons.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *d(e)ʡeχk (̃-ḳ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Chechen: däʕaχk

Ingush: ṭeχk

Comments: 4th class in Chech., Ing. Cf. also Kharach. deʕaχk, Pharch. ṭeχk.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *roƛ̣:i

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Avar: raƛ̣:á

Chadakolob: raƛ̣a

Andian language: roƛ̣:i

Akhvakh: raƛ̣:i

Chamalal: jaƛ̣:il

Tindi: raƛ̣:i

Karata: raƛ̣:e

Botlikh: raƛ̣:ir

Bagvalal: raƛ̣:

Godoberi: raƛ̣:in

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ƛʷɨrV B

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Tsezi: ƛuza

Ginukh: ƛužej

Khvarshi: ƛazal

Inkhokvari: ƛozol

Bezhta: ƛörä

Gunzib: ƛora

Comments: PTsKh *ƛʷǝza, obl. *ƛʷǝzǝ-RV-, PGB *ƛora. In PTs the oblique base must have been *ƛʷɨrV-z:a-, whence, with metathesis, *ƛʷɨz:Vra- (> PTsKh *ƛʷǝzǝ-RV-; the PTsKh direct base *ƛʷǝza is a secondary analogous building).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: t:arḳ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Lak form: t:arḳ

Comments: 4th class. Obl. base t:urč̣a-.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *derɣ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Chiragh: derg / derɣ

Comments: Isolated in Chir., but very archaic.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *jirƛ̣:

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Tabasaran: jirk:i (Düb.)

Agul: irk:

Udi: uq:Iejn

Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. jirk:. Obl. vowel base unknown.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *Ł́ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 rib 2 side 3 (preverb) by side of

Abkhaz: á-va-ra 2

Abaza: ʒa-rta 2

Adyghe: cā-ɣa 1

Kabardian: ʒā-ža 1

Ubykh: ʒa- 3

Comments: PAT *ǯʷa in compounds *ǯʷa-rV(-ta) 'side' (Abkh. á-va-ra, Abaz. ʒa-rta), *ǯʷa-c̣ǝs 'rib' (Abkh. a-va-c̣ǝ́s, Abaz. ʒa-c̣ǝ́s); the morpheme *ǯʷa is also used as a preverb 'side, by side of' ( = Ub. ʒa-). PAK *-Ła in a compound *c:a-Łá 'rib(s)' (*c:a- 'tooth, sharp edge'). The correspondence PAK *Ł (Ad. ɣ, Kab. ž) :PAT *ǯʷ (Abkh. v, Abaz. ʒ) : Ub. ʒ points only to PWC *Ł́ʷ. The original meaning "rib" is preserved in PAT and PAK compounds.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦréƛ̣wĕ

Meaning: bone, rib

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦreƛ̣_wĕ (~-ĭ)

Sino-Tibetan: *rāŋ / *rāk

Yenisseian: *ʔu(ʔ)ĺaʒ

Comments and references : HGC 18. PST (and PY) may also correspond to PNC *ƛ̣ōrǝ̄ (/*rōƛ̣ǝ̄) 'hand, hand-bone' (see LV D11).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rāŋ / *rāk

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bone

Chinese: 骼 *krāk bone (of animal), 胻 *g_rāŋ shinbone [since Han].

Burmese: khraŋ bone.

Kachin: (H) nraŋ bone (but cf. nra¹ id., see *răH).

Comments: BG: Garo greŋ, Dimasa gĕ-reŋ; Moshang a-rã, Namsangia a-rāh. Sh. 433.

Chinese characters :

Character: 骼

Modern (Beijing) reading: gé

Preclassic Old Chinese: krāk

Classic Old Chinese: krāk

Western Han Chinese: krāk

Eastern Han Chinese: krāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄k

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: kẹ̄k

Middle Chinese: kạ̈ik

English meaning : bone (of an animal)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кости, скелет (особенно животных); 2) рука, см. 胳

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 188

Four-angle index: 1397

Karlgren code: 0766 |c ́

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔuĺaʒ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rib

Ket: uĺet⁶, pl. uĺerǝŋ⁵ (Bak., Sur. uĺedǝŋ⁵)

Yug: uĺat^5,6, pl. uĺadiŋ⁵

Kottish: ulái, pl. ulajaŋ (cf. also ulai "by the side of", ulār 'side')

Comments: ССЕ 200-201. As in several other cases, the stem contains a body part suffix -Vʒ. The original meaning is definitely "bone of the side" ( = "rib"), cf. the semantics in Kottish. Werner's (2, 338) analysis of the word as *ugǝl-aʔt (in our reconstruction would be *ʔuʔul-aʔd) "smooth bone" is quite unlikely - both for semantic (a highly improbable development "smooth bone" > "rib") and phonetic reasons: Kott. ulai can only go back to *ʔuĺaʒ, and never - to *ʔuĺad. Non-initial *-d- yields Kott. -r-, as shown (definitively) in КС 148 - including the very root for "bone" PY *ʔaʔd (q.v.), reflected in Kottish as araŋ 'limb'. We do in fact have a Kottish formation ulār - but it means only "side" and thus can in no way be derived from "smooth bone", being rather another old derivative from the primary root *ʔuĺ- "bone (of the side)".

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : RVLV

Meaning : bone, rib

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦréƛ̣wĕ

Notes : So far found only in SC.

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