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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *ŁʷA
Meaning: long
Abkhaz: a-wǝ́
Abaza: wǝ
Adyghe: č̣́ǝ-ħa
Kabardian: č̣́ǝ-ħ
Ubykh: wa
Comments: PAT *wǝ; PAK *ḳǝ-ħÁ. In the first part of the AK compound we may possibly see PAK *ḳǝ- 'grow' (unlike Shagirov 2, 135 we wouldn't like to split PAK *ḳač̣́ǝ́ 'short' and find in it's first part the same component; see the etymology of this word). The second component, *ħA, is strangely enough, related by Shagirov (ibid.) to PAK *ħA 'bring, carry'. We would still like to follow Trubetzkoy in connecting the AK and Ub. forms (the ħ:w correspondence is here just the same as in the word for "dog"). However, PAT should have regularly had l-, not w- here; perhaps we should assume that PWC *Łʷ was for some reason split into l and w in PAT (position before different vowels? - there are too few examples to come to a definite conclusion). In Ub. wa can be also discovered in the word for far (ʎa-wá lit. 'long for feet').
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-abk,abadet-aba,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *HāχuɫV / *HālχV
Meaning: long
Proto-West Caucasian: *ŁʷA Notes: For the phonetic development in PWC cf. *χ_ɦwĕje 'dog' (in this case the lateralisation in PWC may also have been favoured by the lateral resonant in the root). The stem *HālχV (reflected in PN, Lak., PL and Khin. /with a former class prefix w-/) is a secondary development < *HāχɫV < *HāχuɫV. Several morphological notes: the stem is usually accompanied by class prefixes in the Western area (Nakh, Andian, Tsezian) but is prefixless in Eastern Daghestan (Lak., Darg., Lezghian). By now it is hard to judge which situation is original; however, it seems probable that the initial syllable *Hā- is historically a prefix, and that we should reconstruct the most archaic form as *χuɫV (cf. the rather frequent reflex of this stem in different areas: in Av. /χ:alá-ta-/, in PD /*χ:ʷala-/, in some Lezg. languages/Rut. χuläχ-dɨ, Tsakh. χɨli-na/. Cf. also Hurr. χel(-)di 'lofty, highborn' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 54-55).
See Абдоков 1983, 147.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-khin,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=ʕāχ-(in)
Meaning: long
Chechen: =ēχ-a
Ingush: =ʕäχ-a
Batsbi: =aχχ-ẽ
Comments: Cf. also Shar. =ʕēχĩ, Cheb. =āχẽ, Khild. =ʕēχe etc. The geminated -χχ- in Bacb. is obviously expressive. The pure root *ʕāχ- is present in Chech. =aχ-dan "to lengthen", Bacb. =aχ-dar id.
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=iχ:Vl-
Meaning: long
Avar: χ:alá-ta-b
Chadakolob: χalá-da-b
Andian language: =eχ:ula
Akhvakh: =aχ:a-da
Chamalal: =eχ:ila-b
Tindi: =eχ:ala-b
Karata: =eχ:ela-b
Botlikh: =eχ:ila
Bagvalal: =eχ:ela-
Godoberi: =eχ:ila
Comments: In some languages (Akhv., Av.) the root is supplied with a dental adjectival suffix (Akhv. -aχ:a-da < *-aχ:al-da). The second root vowel is impossible to reconstruct (because of its weak unstressed position).
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-chm,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-bgv,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=ɨχ:ɔlV-
Meaning: long
Tsezi: =eχora
Ginukh: =oχoru
Khvarshi: =eχʷla
Inkhokvari: =ɨχala
Bezhta: =iχalo
Gunzib: =ɨχǝlu
Comments: PTsKh *=ɨχolV, PGB *=ɨχVlu.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-inh,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: halχ:a-
Meaning: tall, high
Lak form: halχ:a-s:a
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *χ:ʷala-
Meaning: big
Akusha: χala-l
Chiragh: χ:ʷala-ze
Comments: Cf. also Ur. χʷala-, Sirg. χʷala-, Kait. χula- etc. The labialisation in this case is obviously secondary (probably reflecting the former class prefix).
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *[hI]alχä-
Meaning: 1 long 2 up, on top
Lezghian: jarʁi 1
Tabasaran: jarχi 1
Agul: jarχIe-f 1
Rutul: χuläχ-dɨ 1
Tsakhur: χɨli-na 1
Budukh: laχa 2
Archi: lāχa 1
Udi: laχo 2
Comment: Within PL there is a difficult interrelation between four roots: *[hI]alχä- 'long', *hI[a]χV- 'high', *jaq:V 'high' and *ʔarχ:(Vl)- 'far' q.v. In several languages contaminations have arisen. Thus, -ʁ- in Lezg. jarʁi 'long' is obviously due to contamination with jarʁal 'far'. Several languages reflect metathesized forms (*[hI]alχä- ~ *laχä- ~ *χalä- and, with Ablaut, *χolä-), which is usual for verbal/adjectival stems. Note that all these variants are not merely Lezgian, but have external parallels as well.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-agu,lezget-rut,lezget-cak,lezget-bud,lezget-arc,lezget-udi,lezget-comment,
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Khinalug etymology :
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Khinalug root: wiχä
North Caucasian etymology: 66
Meaning: long
Khinalug form: wiχä
khinet-prnum,khinet-meaning,khinet-khi,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *χwVɫV́
Meaning: long, far
Comments and references : (differently in WFR 32).
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lu
Meaning: long, far
Burmese: lu disproportionately tall.
Kachin: gǝlu2 long.
Comments: BG: Garo ro, Dimasa galau, lau-ba. Ben. 64; Mat. 170.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-burm,stibet-kach,stibet-kir,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 悠
Modern (Beijing) reading: yōu
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhu
Classic Old Chinese: lhu
Western Han Chinese: lhǝw
Eastern Han Chinese: zhǝw
Early Postclassic Chinese: zhiw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhǝw
Late Postclassic Chinese: zhǝw
Middle Chinese: jǝw
English meaning : be far away, distant, long-trailing; longing, persistent
Russian meaning[s]: 1) забота, печаль; опечаленный; быть расстроенным; 2) далекий, отдаленный; долгий; вечный; 3) рвануть; с силой тряхнуть
Shuowen gloss: 憂也.從心.攸聲.
Comments: One of the cases of irregular (dialectal) development of OC *lh- > MC j- (normally zjǝw would be expected). Modern dialects almost uniformly point to an aspirated (voiceless) initial, cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou, Fuzhou iu1, Meixian jiu1, Mand. yōu.
Radical: 61
Four-angle index: 8476
Karlgren code: 1077 c
Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 30.2, 33.3, 39.4_, 54.1_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 1159
Character: 悠
MC description : 流開三平尤以
ZIHUI: 1890 1612
Beijing: iou 11
Jinan: iou 11
Xi'an: iou 11
Taiyuan: iou 1
Hankou: iou 11
Chengdu: iǝu 11
Yangzhou: iôɨ 11
Suzhou: iöy 11
Changsha: iôu 11
Shuangfeng: iû 11
Nanchang: iu 11
Meixian: jiu 11
Guangzhou: jau 12
Xiamen: iu 11
Chaozhou: iu 11
Fuzhou: ieu 11
Shanghai: iɨ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: iou 12
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *lV- (?)
Meaning: long
Sunwar: lay-š-šā
kiret-meaning,kiret-sun,
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Basque etymology :
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Proto-Basque: *heuga[l]i / *heu[l]agi
Meaning: 1 abundant 2 to increase, multiply
Bizkaian: ugari 1, ugal-du 2
Gipuzkoan: ugari 1, ugal-du 2
High Navarrese: ugari 1
Lapurdian: heuragi 1 (Leizarraga)
Zuberoan: heuregi 1 (Oihenart)
Comments: Note the metathesized variants in PNC *HāχuɫV / *HālχV as well as in Bsq.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-comments,
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