South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *ɳ|à

Stems : *ɳ|à-n

Meaning : head

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : ɳ|àn 2 II (pos.), ɳ|ān 3 I (al.), pl. ɳ|ã̀ 2 II (pos.), ɳ|ã̄ 3 II (al.); |ŋa, |ŋe (Mg.)

Masarwa : |na

|Nu//en : |nʌŋ

References : Bleek 342, 347; Maingard 1958: 101; Traill 67.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 93

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǀʷa-

Meaning : head

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ʼɳǀe

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɳǀà

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɳǀa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ʔʘnũ

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : The auslaut presents almost as many problems as the anlaut here. It is hardly possible that PNK *-e corresponds to PSK *-a; more probable is that PNK *-e < *-a-i, where -i is a fossilized class suffix, whereas in SK the word was either used without a suffix or with a final *-n.

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *ʼɳǀe

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: head

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳǀáí (n5 -si) "head, intelligence, ball (of a club), fruit (especially when newly formed), bulb, corn" // ɳǀáí-ɳǀà-ɳǀànà (n5 -si) "comb (of a bird)"; ɳǀáí-!ã́ṹ (n5 -si) "headache", etc.

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳǀe ~ ɳǀi, pl. ɳǀesi

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀe-ɳǀé ~ ɳǀe-ssiŋ

!Kung (Doke): ɳǀeː ~ ɳǀai

!Kung (Vedder): ɳǀeː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀēsiŋ

Kavango : ʔɳǀé (W) ~ ɳǀé (E)

Ekoka : ɳǀē

Tsumkwe : ɳǀái

Tsintsabis : ɳǀàe

Okongo : ɳǀè

Leeunes : ɳǀè ~ ɳǀái

Mpunguvlei : ɳǀe

Cuito : ɳǀe

Cuando : ɳǀe

South Omatako : ɳǀè

North Omatako : ɳǀái

Kameeldoring : ɳǀè

Lister : ɳǀái

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 343, 346, 347; Dickens 238; Heikkinen 1986; KH 135; Snyman 1997: 57.

RefLex number: 935

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *ɳ|a

Stems : *ɳ|a-n

Meaning : head

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |nā, emph. & pl. |naṅ, |nāṅ, |náṅṅań (B.); tʔ¹naa (Lich.); |na, |nā, |nã̄, pl. |nã̄, |nẵṅ (Ll.)

//Ng : |na, |nā, pl. |nainjan

N|huki : ɳ|aʔa

#Khomani : |ŋa (Mg.)

//Kxau : |nā

//Ku//e : |nā

Seroa : |na (Wu.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |nā

|Auni : |nā

Khatia : |na, |ni

|Nusan : |nã

References : Bleek 342, 347; Maingard 243; Meinhof 1929: 186; NFn.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *ʔʘnũ

Meaning : head

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : ʔmʘun (C.); ʔʘŋû, ʔʘŋū (T.)

References : Collins 2001: 458; Traill 1973: 30.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *[ŁV]ma (?)

Meaning : head

Proto-Bushman : *ɳ|ʷa-

Proto-Khoe : *mâ

Hadza : *ƛ̣oma

Notes : This is a rather forced parallel; the Hadza word is more easily comparable to certain Omotic forms, Khoe *mâ may be indicative of Niger-Congo substrate (several Khoe roots in *m- have good correlates in Niger-Congo, but not in other Khoisan languages), and labialization in the Peripheral Khoisan word may be due to some old vocalic peculiarities. Nevertheless, for lack of certainty, we leave the comparison as it is for now.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *mâ

Meaning : head

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *mâ

East Khoe : *mâ

Notes : Baucom: ||Gabake, Shua mhaa, Molepolole ma.

References : Baucom 22; Vossen 458-59.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *mâ

Meaning : head

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Gwi : mâ (Ta.)

//Gana : má; mâ (Ta.)

References : Tanaka 45; Vossen 458-59.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *mâ

Meaning : head

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : mâ

Deti : má

Cara : má

Danisi : mà

Cua : mâ

Kua : mâ

Hietshware : hma

References : Dornan 97; Vossen 458-59.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *ƛ̣oma

Meaning : head

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : kl'ɔma, ||k"ɔma (B.); tl'oma (E.); tɫ'óma, tl'omako (S.); tl'óma-kò (Tc.)

References : Bleek 94, 607; Elderkin; Sands-H; Tucker.

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