South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *sã̰̀

Meaning : fat; marrow

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : sã̰̀ 2 n II, pl. -tê 2 II

Masarwa : šãã

!Xoong derivates : |qhūje sã̰̀ "honey"

References : Bleek 176, 205, 222; Traill 184.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 70

Proto-Bushman : *čŋ̥

Meaning : fat

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *šʰiˤŋ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *sã̰̀

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *sɔ̃ẽ

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *čã

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *šʰiˤŋ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ ML [e]

Meaning: fat (to be)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : šĩ̀ ~ čĩ̀

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čʰĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čĩ̄

!Kung (Lloyd) : čʰaˤŋ́ ~ cʰaˤŋ́ ~ ʒʰáˤŋ ~ zʰaŋ

!Kung (Doke): šaːŋ

!Kung (Vedder): ʒãŋ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čĩ

!O!Kung (Snyman): čàŋ

Kavango : càŋ

Ekoka : čāŋ́ "fat" // čāŋ̀ "be fat"

Tsumkwe : čʰĩ̀

Tsintsabis : čìŋ

Okongo : čàŋ

Leeunes : čīŋ

Mpunguvlei : čiŋ ~ čàŋ

Cuito : čiŋ ~ čàŋ

Cuando : čiŋ ~ čàŋ

South Omatako : šàˤŋ

North Omatako : čàŋ

Kameeldoring : šaˤŋ

Lister : čʰĩ

Notes : Initial šʰ- is tentatively reconstructed based on such features as variation š-/č-/čʰ- in various sub-dialects of Juǀhoan and irregular loss of affricate articulation in Kameeldoring.

References : Bleek 32, 178, 225, 229, 265; Dickens 192, 269; Heikkinen 1986; KH 138; Snyman 27; Snyman 1980: 7; Snyman 1997: 72.

RefLex number: 81

South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology :

Proto-!Wi : *sɔ̃ẽ

Meaning : fat; marrow

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : ssoëń, ssʔo̥ëṅ, sswéṅ (B.); ssu̥éṅ (Ll.)

//Ng : soa, syŋ

N|huki : sun, suń

#Khomani : soẽ (Mg.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : swĩ(ĩ)

|Auni : sã̄a "to be fat"

|Haasi : tswaa; tjoe "to be fat" (?)

References : Bleek 162, 172, 175, 176; Bleek 1929:37; LHa 98; LHb 48; NFn.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *čã

Meaning : fat

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : čã̌ã (H.)

References : Honken 1988: 62.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *Ca(N)

Meaning : fat

Proto-Bushman : *čŋ̥

Proto-Khoe : *cau

Sandawe : *chã

Hadza : *(h)ic̣a

Notes : One of the most common "pan-Khoisan" roots, but also met in various other African and extra-African families.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *cau

Meaning : to be fat

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *cau

East Khoe : *cau

References : Baucom 19.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *cau

Meaning : to be fat

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : cáú

Naro : tsau (Ba.)

|Gwi : chaù (Ta.)

//Gana : chaù (Ta.)

References : Barnard 116; Tanaka 34; Vossen 1986: 340.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *cau

Meaning : fat

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

Hietshware : tsau, tsautsau

References : Dornan 111.

Sandawe etymology :

Proto-Sandawe : *chã

Meaning : fat, to be fat

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Sandawe : tsaṅ "Fett", tsaṅkese "fett" (D.); ts^hā̂^ŋ (E.); chang' "oil", chang'-ki "to be fat" (K.); tshanki "grossir, s'engraisser" (Kim.); tshã̂ "oil" (TBW)

References : Dempwolff 52; Elderkin 1983: 505; Kagaya 83; Kimmenade 56; TBW 302.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *(h)ic̣a

Meaning : fat (n.)

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : itsabe (B.); hits'a (E.); ɦits'á- (S.)

Notes : The segmentation is unclear (Bleek's data, which frequently shows 'truncated', e. g. prefixless, forms, for some reason omits the aspiration but not the first vowel).

References : Bleek 70; Elderkin; Sands 187.

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