Peripheral Khoisan etymology :

Number : 21

Proto-Bushman : *chʔa̰ma

Meaning : bird

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *cʼa-ma

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀqà̰^hʔm

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *cha̰ma

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

North Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Ju: *cʼa-ma

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ ML [k]

Meaning: bird

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼàmà (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼama

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cama

!Kung (Lloyd) : caba

!Kung (Doke): cʼāvà

!Kung (Vedder): cʼàva

!Kung (Wilhelm): cábaː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : caba ~ cama // ʒàba "feather" (?)

Kavango : cʼámà

Ekoka : čʼám ~ čʼám-mà

References : Bleek 30, 210, 211, 213; Dickens 278; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 68.

RefLex number: 1649

South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology :

Proto-Taa : *|qà̰^hʔm

Meaning : species of bird

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

!Xoong : |qà̰hʔm 1 II, pl. |qà̰hʔma-tê 4 II

References : Traill 62.

East #Hoan etymology :

Proto-#Hoan : *cha̰ma

Meaning : bird

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

#Hoan : chā̀"ma (H.)

References : Honken 1988: 60.

Macro-Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoisan : *Ca-

Meaning : bird

Proto-Bushman : *chʔa̰ma

Proto-Khoe : *ʒàrá (?)

Hadza : *c̣elalo

Notes : The *-m(a) element in Peripheral Khoisan is probably a diminutive suffix; whether the same can be said of *-ra (*-da) in Khoe is uncertain.

Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-Khoe : *ʒàrá

Meaning : bird

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

West Khoe : *ʒàrá

East Khoe : *ʒèrá

Notes : Baucom: Molepole dzera.

References : Baucom 18; Vossen 503.

West Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-West Khoe : *ʒàrá

Meaning : bird

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

//Ani : ʒàdá

Kxoe (Hukwe) : djaárá; djǎdȧ (Kö.)

Buga : ʒàdá

|Ganda : ʒádá

Naro : tsàrá, dzàrá (Ba.)

|Gwi : ʒádá; zera (Ta.)

//Gana : ʒádà; zera (Ta.)

#Haba : ʒàdá

References : Barnard 42; KH; Tanaka 13; Vossen 503.

East Central Khoisan etymology :

Proto-East Khoe : *ʒèrá

Meaning : bird

Khoe etymology : Khoe etymology

|Xaise : ʒédà

Deti : ʒàdà

Cara : ʒàdà

Tsixa : ʒìdá

Danisi : ʒàdá

Kua : ʒédá

Tsua : ʒédà

Hietshware : zera

References : Dornan 112; Vossen 503.

Hadza etymology :

Proto-Hadza : *c̣elalo

Meaning : bird

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Hadza : tsealo, tselealo, tseloalo (B.); ts'élàlò- (Tc.); ts'elaaló-kò "sp. bird, small" (Tc.)

References : Bleek 214-215; Sands 200; Tucker.

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