Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *jVl

Meaning: wind, rain ?

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *kǝja:l

Austroasiatic meaning: wind

Munda parallels: Kar kɔʒʔ

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *CčaL.C

References: HY; Ja 67, Peiros 1998, 159.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ja:l

Meaning: wind

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: kǝ-

Proto-Katuic: WK *ja:l / EK *ji:l

Proto-Bahnaric: *ja:l / WK *jiǝl

Khmer: khjɔl < OK kjel, kjol, khjal

Proto-Pearic: *ja:l.C

Proto-Monic: *ja:l

Khasi: ljer wind

References: Kh 723, VHL 202, S-60

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ja:l / *ji:l

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ja:l

Proto-East Katuic: *ji:l

References: P-157; TK1.45

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ja:l

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: kǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: kuja:l

Bru Van Keu meaning: wind

So: kuja:l.N

So meaning: wind

Bru: kǝja:l.N

Bru meaning: wind

Sou: kja:l

Kui: kǝja:l.N

Kui meaning: weather, air, wind

Kuay: kaja:l.N

Kuay meaning: wind

Ngeu: kajiǝ.B

Ngeu meaning: wind

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ji:l

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: kǝ-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Chatong: kaji:l

Triw: kaji:l

Dakkan dialects (1): kǝji:l

Dakkan dialects (2): kǝji:l

Dakkan meaning: wind

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ja:l / *jiǝl

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: kja:l

Bahnar meaning: wind

Proto-North Bahnaric: *ja:l.T, kǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ca:l, kǝ-/#

Proto-West Bahnaric: *jɨǝl, kǝ-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *jial, kǝ-

Harak: kajaɨ

References: JS-870, TB1.49

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ja:l.T, kǝ-

Meaning: wind

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: kǝja:l.T

Rengao meaning: wind

Jeh form: kǝja:l.T

Jeh meaning: wind

Sedang form: khja.T PV?

Sedang meaning: wind

Didra: kǝjia.T

References: GS-6

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ca:l, kǝ-/#

Meaning: wind

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: cha:l

Chrau meaning: wind

Stieng form: ca:l

Stieng meaning: wind

References: SBS-59

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *jɨǝl, kǝ-

Meaning: wind

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: kjɨǝl

Jaru meaning: wind

Lavi: kajɨǝ

Nhaheung form: kjew

Nhaheung meaning: wind

Brao form: kjɨw

Brao meaning: wind

References: JS-870

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *jial, kǝ-

Meaning: wind

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: kja:l

Kaseng: kial

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *jial, kǝ-

Meaning: wind

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: kajaɨ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: khjal'

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: kjel, kjol, kjal

Old Khmer Meaning: wind

References: P113

Pearic etymology :

Proto-Pearic: *ja:l.C

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: khǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Chong: ja:ʔj.A

Chong meaning: wind

Song: khǝja:j.B

Song meaning: wind

Kasong: khaja:r.B

Kasong meaning: wind

Samre: khaja:r.C

Samre meaning: wind

Suoi Kompong: khjâl

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *ja:l

Meaning: wind

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: kja:

Old Mon: kja:l

Middle Mon: kja:

Nyakur: khǝja:l

Nyakur meaning: wind

References: N244; S-60

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVLV

Meaning : wind, to blow

Eurasiatic : *CalV ?

Afroasiatic : *ĉalay- ?

Sino-Caucasian : *ʎwɨ̄ɫʔV́

Austric : PAA *ja:l 'wind' ?

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *CalV

Meaning: cold, wind

Altaic: *zăli (also *či̯òlú ( ~ t-) 'ice, hail' 244)

Uralic: PVg *šaĺ- 'hoar-frost'

Dravidian: *čaḷ- (or *ǯil- 'cold, chill')

Eskimo-Aleut: *cǝla

References: Probably 2 roots. ND 294 *C[a]ḷV ( = *ć̣[a]ḷV?) 'cold' (comparing Drav. *čaḷ- with Turk. Sib. čol 'icicle' and IE *(s)kel- > *xoldъ?); 392 *čaĺ(U)gV 'snow, hoar-frost' (Alt. *či̯olu + Ur. + Sem. *čalag-).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *zăli

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wind

Russian meaning: ветер

Turkic: *jẹl

Mongolian: *salki

Tungus-Manchu: *sal-di-

Korean: *sar-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 30, 285. Regular except for a somewhat unexpected closed *-ẹ- in Turkic.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jẹl

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: wind

Russian meaning: ветер

Old Turkic: jel (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: jẹl (MK, KB)

Turkish: jel

Tatar: ǯil

Middle Turkic: jẹl (MA)

Uzbek: jel

Uighur: jäl

Sary-Yughur: jel

Azerbaidzhan: jel

Turkmen: jel

Khakassian: čil

Shor: čel

Oyrat: jel, d́el

Halaj: jel

Chuvash: śil

Yakut: sillie 'storm, whirlwind'

Kirghiz: ǯel

Kazakh: žel

Bashkir: jel

Balkar: žel

Karaim: jel

Karakalpak: žel

Salar: jel

Kumyk: jel

Comments: VEWT 195, EDT 916-917, ЭСТЯ 4, 174-175, Лексика 40. Bulg.> Hung. szél 'wind', see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 705-706.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *salki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: wind

Russian meaning: ветер

Written Mongolian: salki(n) (L 665)

Khalkha: salxi

Buriat: halxi(n)

Kalmuck: sälkṇ, saĺkṇ

Ordos: salχin

Shary-Yoghur: salGǝn

Monguor: sarki (SM 329), (MGCD salkī)

Comments: KW 318, MGCD 591. Mong. > Turk. salqɨn 'cool day', Oyr. salqɨn etc., Kirgh. salqɨn 'wind' etc., see TMN 1, 341, VEWT 398, Щербак 1997, 209, Лексика 16, 41, ЭСТЯ 7, Stachowski 94.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sal-di-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: cool wind

Russian meaning: ветер (прохладный)

Evenki: saldin

Comments: ТМС 2, 58. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sar-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: gentle, cool (of wind)

Russian meaning: слабый, прохладный (о ветре)

Modern Korean: sallaŋ, sǝllǝŋ, salgiraŋ

Comments: KED 897.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *čaḷ-

Meaning : cold morning

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *čaḷ-

Proto-Telugu : *cal-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *SaL-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *CaL-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *čaḷ-

Meaning : cold, chilly

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : caḷi

Tamil meaning : cold, chilliness

Tamil derivates : aḷi, taḷi coolness

Kannada : caḷi, cali, saḷi

Kannada meaning : coldness, cold, coolness, chill, frost, snow, etc.

Tulu : caḷi, cali, sali

Tulu meaning : cold, chilliness, shivering as in ague; cold, chilly

Tulu derivates : cavuḷi, cavuli cold

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) talli cold

Notes : Forms with s- in Kan. and Tulu are probably Tamil borrowings.

Number in DED : 2408

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *cal-

Meaning : cold, low temperature, sensation of cold, chilliness

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : cali

Additional forms : Also [1] calimiri, [2] caluva, [3] callana, [4] callãdamu coolness, cold; calla cool, cold; callãgā̆ in a cool or cold manner, calmly, gently; calidi rice cooked in the evening and kept for use in the following morning, stale food, breakfast

Number in DED : 2408

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *SaL-

Meaning : early morning

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Poya Gadba : calandi "cold rice serving for breakfast"

Additional forms : Also Salur (P) saldi early morning

Notes : The form calandi borrowed from SDR.

Number in DED : 2408

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *CaL-

Meaning : cool; early morning

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Konda : salaŋ

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *cal-

Konda etymology :

Konda : salaŋ

Meaning: cold, cool

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : saldi "early morning"

Additional forms : Also Konda salva breakfast; saldi breakfast

Number in DED : 2408

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *cal-

Meaning : cool

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kuwi (Israel) : salma

Additional forms : Also Kuwi_Isr saldi mid-morning

Number in DED : 2408

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *cǝla

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: universe, atmosphere, weather

Russian meaning: вселенная, атмосфера, погода

Proto-Yupik: *cǝla ~ *ǝcla

Proto-Inupik: *cila

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 78

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *cǝla ~ *ǝcla

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: universe, atmosphere, weather, external world 1, area outside 2

Russian Meaning: вселенная, атмосфера, погода, внешний мир 1, снаружи 2

Sirenik: silá, //siɫa [Orr] 1, siɫta 2

Chaplino: sɫā, //ǝsɫa 1, ǝsɫatǝ ? 2

Naukan: //siɫa

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ɫa 1, [ɫātǝ 2]

Chugach (Birket-Smith): ƛa 1

Central Alaskan Yupik: [cǝɫatǝ-, ǝlatǝ- 2]

CAY Dialects: K, BB ǝɫa, UK, LI cǝɫa 1

Egegik (Peripheral): ciɫa 1

Chevak (Peripheral): ciɫa 1

Nunivak (Peripheral): sila*, ǝɫa 1

Norton Sound (Peripheral): cǝɫa 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 78

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *cịla

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: universe, atmosphere, weather, external world

Russian meaning: вселенная, атмосфера, погода, внешний мир

Seward Peninsula Inupik: sila

SPI Dialects: Imaq síla, W sila* (āk, ēt)

North Alaskan Inupik: siĺa

NAI Dialects: Bsiĺa*, Ingl sila*

Western Canadian Inupik: sila

WCI Dialects: Cor hila*, x́ila*, M sila*

Eastern Canadian Inupik: sila

Greenlandic Inupik: sila (sila*), silānnaq (ʁ) 'air'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 78

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉalay-

Meaning: hail

Egyptian: šny.t (pyr) 'hail'

Central Chadic: *ŝa-ŝalay- 'hail'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: šny.t (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hail'

Notes: Note -n- < *-l-

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *ŝa-ŝal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hail'

Gisiga: ŝaŝalay

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʎwɨ̄ɫʔV́

Meaning: wind, to blow

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʎwǝ̄ɫʔV

Sino-Tibetan: *lij (*lūj)

Yenisseian: *juĺ- (~ ʔ-, x-)

Basque: *lur̄ui-n

Comments and references : HGC 30, WFR 142, LDC 27, FDCP 5. 5th tone in Ket may reflect *-ʔ- (which would contradict lax type in NC), but may also be a misrecording.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʎwǝ̄ɫʔV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wind, to blow

Proto-Nakh: *fow ( ~ -ō-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʎʷilHV

Proto-Lak: haw

Proto-Dargwa: *x:ul

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎul

Proto-West Caucasian: *pǝʎ:ʷa

Notes: A common NC root with good semantic and phonetic correspondences. PWC has a frequent labial prefix.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *fow ( ~ -ō-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fresh wind, breeze

Chechen: hō

Ingush: fo

Comments: Obl. base *fow-nV- (Chech. hō-na-, Ing. fo-no). 3d class in both languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʎʷilHV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wind, breeze

Akhvakh: ʎʷē / ʎoji

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tlan., Tseg. ʎel, Ratl. ʎʷel. The word is isolated in Akhvakh, but has reliable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: haw

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold wind

Lak form: haw

Comments: 3d class.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *x:ul

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hope

Akusha: xul

Comments: Darg. > Av., Lak. xul id.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʎul

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shivering, chill 2 prayer 3 hope

Lezghian: ful 1

Rutul: xul 2 (Shin.)

Archi: ʎul 3

Comment: The original meaning of the root had been 'wind' (cf. the external evidence), hence the divergent meanings ( > a/ 'cold, chill', b/ 'hope, prayer'). However, for the Arch. word borrowing from Av. or Darg. is not excluded.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *pǝʎ:ʷa

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 wind 2 blow

Abkhaz: a-pšá 1

Abaza: pša 1

Adyghe: ja-pš́a-n 2

Kabardian: ja-pśa-n 2

Ubykh: ṭa-psa 1

Comments: PAT *pǝša. PAK *pš:́a- (Bzhed. -pš:́a-) with different preverbs means both 'blow (in gen.)' and 'blow (of wind)'. The component ṭa- in Ub. is unclear; -psa < *-psʷa ( < *pǝʎʷa) with secondary dissimilatory delabialisation. See Шагиров 1, 175-176).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lij (*lūj)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wind, breeze

Chinese: 頹 *l(h)ūj destructive wind, gale

Burmese: lij wind, LB *C-lij.

Kachin: buŋ²-li³ breeze.

Lushai: thli, KC *khli.

Comments: Bodo mǝray; Pwo li, Sgaw kǝli. Sh. 195; Ben. 114; Mat. 190.

Chinese characters :

Character: 頹

Modern (Beijing) reading: tuí

Preclassic Old Chinese: l(h)ūj

Classic Old Chinese: l(h)wǝ̄j

Western Han Chinese: l(h)wǝ̄j

Eastern Han Chinese: l(h)wǝ̄j

Early Postclassic Chinese: d(h)wǝ̄j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: d(h)wǝ̄j

Late Postclassic Chinese: d(h)wǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: doj

English meaning : destructive wind, gale

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лысая голова; лысый; 2) упадок, увядание; развал; приходить в упадок; разрушенный; 3) спускаться; течь вниз, стекать; 4) уронить, потерять; 5) послушный; 6) Туй (фамилия)

Comments: Attested later with a more general meaning: 'to be destructive / destructed, deteriorate'. Viet. tồi is colloquial and has an irregular t-; standard Sino-Viet. is d_ồi.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 181

Four-angle index: 8124

Karlgren code: 0544 c

Vietnamese reading: tồi

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *juĺ- (~ ʔ-,x-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: whirlwind, wind

Ket: uĺgit⁵, pl. uĺgerǝŋ⁵, Б,С uĺgitǝŋ⁵ "whirlwind"; uĺ-bej^5,6 / uĺ-vej⁵ "whirlwind; soul, shadow" (lit. "whirlwind"+"wind")

Yug: uĺgit⁵ "whirlwind"; uĺbej⁵ "whirlwind; soul, shadow"

Comments: ССЕ 233. -git is a widespread nominal suffix. Werner 2, 336, 339.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *lur̄ui-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 steam, vapor 2 odor, smell

Araban: lurruña 1

Bizkaian: lurrun, llurrun 1

Gipuzkoan: lurrin 1

High Navarrese: (Lezaka) urrin 2

Low Navarrese: urrin 2

Lapurdian: urrin 2

Baztanese: urrin 2

Zuberoan: ǘrrin 2

Comments: The disappearance of initial /l/ in most of the dialects is a form of liquid dissimilation (Michelena 1961: 323).

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