Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *sAŕak / *sArk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to become numb 2 hoar-frost 3 cold wind

Russian meaning: 1 неметь, цепенеть 2 иней 3 холодный ветер

Karakhanid: sarq- 1, sarqɨm 2 (MK)

Turkish: (dial.) sazaq, sazaɣan 3

Middle Turkic: (Xwar., MKypch.) sarq- 1 (Qutb, AH)

Azerbaidzhan: sazaG 3

Khakassian: sarnax 3 (Kach.)

Tuva: sarɣɨ- 'to nag, feel pain'

Kazakh: sazar- 1

Noghai: sazar- 'to be bored'

Comments: EDT 848, 849. Лексика 42, 43. Despite EDT 847, the basic meaning is not "weak downward movement with no force behind it": in fact we have here a confusion of several originally different roots (see *sark- 'overflow, drip'; *sal- 'put down, lower', with the derivative *salk- which has influenced the meaning of *sark- in some languages).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *saŕi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to get cold, freeze

Russian meaning: замерзать

Turkic: *sAŕak / *sArk-

Mongolian: *ser-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. In Kor. and Jpn. the reflex of this root may have merged with *sĭ́lgù q. v. (cf. PKE 175).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ser-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: cool, fresh

Russian meaning: прохладный, свежий

Written Mongolian: serigün (L 691)

Middle Mongolian: seri'un (HY 5), seri'ut- (SH)

Khalkha: serǖn

Buriat: heŕūn

Kalmuck: serǖn

Ordos: serǖn

Dagur: serūn (Тод. Даг. 163, MD 211)

Shary-Yoghur: sörǖn

Monguor: sarin (SM 328), sarǝŋ

Comments: KW 326, MGCD 601. Mong. *seriɣün 'fresh, cool' > Evk. serun, Man. serguwen etc. (see Doerfer MT 119, Rozycki 178); > Turk. serin, MTurk. serövün etc., see Лексика 16, ЭСТЯ 17; Yak. serīn, sörǖn, Dolg. herǖn, hörǖn (Kaɫ. MEJ 17, Stachowski 102).

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *[z]VrV

Meaning: cold

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *srīg(')-

Altaic: *saŕi

Uralic: *śarV ?

Kartvelian: *źr-; ??? Svan. sḳarχ- 'hail'

Comments: Expected *z- in Kartv.

References: ND 2120 *śVriχKa 'cold' (+ HEC); 2683 *ź/ʒ́[i]R.V 'be very cold' (same Ur. + Kartv. *źr-).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *srīg(')-

Meaning: frost, cold, to freeze

Old Greek: rhī̂gos n. `Frost, Kälte, Fieberschaer', pf. érrīga `friere, erstarre, schaudere', aor. rhīgē̂sai̯, ft. rhīgḗsō

Latin: frīgeō, -ēre, -xī `starr, kalt sein, frieren; matt, unwirksam sein, stocken', frīgus, -oris n. `Kälte, Frost, Schauer'

Russ. meaning: холод(ный), мерзнуть

References: WP II 705 f

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1867

Root: srīg-, srīgos-

English meaning: cold, frost

German meaning: `Kälte, Frost'

Material: Gr. ῥι̃γος n. `Frost', ῥῑγέω, Perf. m. Präs.-Bedeutung ἔρρῑγα `frieren, schaudern, erschauern'; ῥῑγώω `friere';

    lat. frīgus, -oris n. (= gr. ῥι̃γος) `Kälte, Frost', frīgeō, -ēre `kalt sein, frieren, gefroren sein', frīgidus `kalt'.

References: WP. II 705 f.; nach WH. I 547, II 434, Tiefstufe von *(s)rēiĝ-, zu lat. rigeō `starre', rigor `Erstarrung (vor Kälte)', lit. réižtis `sich strecken' (anders oben S. 855, 862.)

Pages: 1004

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 950

Proto: *śarV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: frozen snow, ice crust

German meaning: (gefrorener) Schnee, Eisrinde auf dem Schnee

Saam (Lapp): (čar^ava (L) 'so hart gefrorener Schnee, daß man darüber gehen kann' - rejected by Redei)

Komi (Zyrian): ćare̮m (S V), ćare̮^.m (P), ća^.røm (PO) 'harte Eisrinde auf dem Schnee', ćars (V) id.

Hungarian: szirony, szilony, szirogy, szilogy, sziroty, szityor, szürügy (dial.) 'nach dem Tauwetter gefrorene Oberfläche des Schnees; Rauhreif, Rauhfrost; breiiger Schnee'

Nenets (Yurak): sirra (O), hirrā (Nj.) 'Schnee; Winter'

Enets (Yen): siða (Ch.), sira (B) 'Schnee'

Nganasan (Tawgi): siru 'Schnee; Winter'

Selkup: sîr (Ta. B), sêr, ser (Ke.), hêr (N), si̮re (TaM) 'Schnee'

Kamass: sǝre 'Schnee, Schneefall'

Addenda: Koib. sirrä; Mot. sirrä; Karag. sira; Taig. sirrä

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *źr-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: сыpеть, меpзнуть

English meaning: to get damp, to freeze

Georgian: zr-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): моpозить

Georgian meaning (Engl.): to freeze (tr.)

Svan: mǝ-žir-

Svan meaning (Rus.): сыpой, отсыpевший

Svan meaning (Eng.): damp

Notes and references: Кл

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVRV

Meaning : cold

Eurasiatic : *ʒ́VrV

Sino-Caucasian : *źăwrV

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *źăwrV

Meaning: ice, frost

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *źăwrV

Yenisseian: *ǯV(ʔ)r₁- (~-l)

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *źăwrV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ice

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *zari

Proto-Tsezian: *ž:ara

Proto-Lak: zuru-q:aIni

Proto-Lezghian: *c:or

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Labialised vowel in Lezg. and Lak. makes us reconstruct a cluster with *-w- in Inlaut.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *zari

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ice, hail

Andian language: zar

Akhvakh: žari

Chamalal: zā

Tindi: zari

Karata: zare

Botlikh: zari

Bagvalal: zar

Godoberi: zari

Comments: Cf. also Cham. Gig. zari. In Akhv. the same root served as a basis for the noun and adjective "cold": *zar-ʎʷi / *zar-hʷi > North. Akhv. žaho, žahu-dabe, Tseg. žoʎer, žoʎa-b, Tlan. žʷarʎer, žʷarʎa-b, Ratl. žaʎʷer, žaʎu-dab.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ž:ara

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 ice 2 to get cold

Bezhta: za-ʎ- (Khosh.) 2

Gunzib: žara 1

Comments: PGB *žar(a). Bezht. za-ʎ- ( < *ž:ar-ʎ- with an auxiliary verbal morpheme -ʎ-). The Bezht. root is superficially close to Andian forms like Tind. saʎ- 'to get cold' ( < PA *soʔ-ʎ-), but the correspondence PA *s- : PTs *z:- (or *ž:-) is irregular.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: zuru-q:aIni

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: icicle

Lak form: zuru-q:aIni

Comments: The meaning and origin of the component -q:aIni is not clear.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c:or

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: glazed frost

Lezghian: c:ur

Comment: An isolated Lezg. word, but having good external parallels.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ǯVr₁- (~-l)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cold, frost

Kottish: čal, pl. čálaŋ "cold (n., adj.)"; čolt́ü (Бол.) "cold (n.)"; čolt́üi (Бол.) "cold (n.)"; čiltu (Бол.) "coldly"; Ass. (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.) čalá "cold", (Кл.) čaltu id.

Arin: sóloŋa (М., Сл., Кл., Срсл.) "cold (n.)"; šiltu (Лоск.) id.; solma (Лоск.) id.; šilt[ü] (Лоск.) "coldly"

Comments: ССЕ 311. Werner 1, 162 <*t'al>.

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