Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *čEmirčik

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: cartilage, gristle

Russian meaning: хрящ

Tatar: čǝmǝj 'knucklebone'

Oyrat: čamaj 'cheekbone'

Kirghiz: čemirček 'хрящ на лопатке и мечевидном отростке'

Kazakh: šemiršek

Noghai: šemiršek

Karakalpak: šemiršek

Comments: VEWT 251. Widely spread forms like Chag. kämirčäk are probably due to contamination with *kEmük 'bone' (v. sub *k`i̯ome).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *č`ī̀me

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knuckle, cartilage

Russian meaning: косточка, хрящ

Turkic: *čEmirčik

Mongolian: *čimöge

Tungus-Manchu: *čīme- (~š-,-ǖ-)

Korean: *čǝŋk- ( < *čǝm-k- ?)

Comments: Лексика 261.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *čimöge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: marrow, marrow-bone

Russian meaning: костный мозг, мозговая кость

Written Mongolian: čimüge(n), čömüge(n) (L 186, 203)

Middle Mongolian: čimegan (HY 48), čimigän (MA)

Khalkha: čömög

Buriat: semege(n), dial. šemege(n)

Kalmuck: čimgṇ

Ordos: čömögö

Dongxian: čumeGe

Dagur: šimug (Тод. Даг. 183), šimehe (MD 216), šimǝg

Shary-Yoghur: čeŋgǝn

Monguor: ćimuge (SM 451)

Comments: KW 440, MGCD 578. Mong. > Evk. čēŋa 'marrow bone'; Yak., Dolg. čoŋku 'marrow, marrow bone' (hardly < Evk. čūkī 'scull', despite Stachowski 75); cf. Аникин 516.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čīme- (~š-,-ǖ-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 knee-cap, fat under the knee-cap 2 ankle, huckle-bone

Russian meaning: 1 коленная чашечка, клейкая масса (в коленном суставе) 2 лодыжка

Evenki: čīmečin 1

Even: čimnēk 2

Comments: ТМС 2, 395.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *čǝŋk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 knee 2 shin, shank

Russian meaning: 1 колено 2 голень

Modern Korean: čǝŋgaŋi, čǝŋgäŋi 2

Comments: KED 1450.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *c`iŋu

Meaning: a k. of bone

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *skei-/n-/u- ? (rather *srēin- 1101)

Altaic: *sìŋù (also *siŋra 2008)

Uralic: *ćEŋV (also *ćäje-rV )

Kartvelian: ? *c̣mart- (or to Alt. *č`ī̀me?)

Comments: Two roots? [For Alt. *č`ī̀me cf. Sam. *timä 'tooth'?]; cf. also *zVmV

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *srēin-

Meaning: hip-bone

Avestan: rāna- m. 'der äussere Teil des Oberschenkels, Oberschenkel'

Other Iranian: MPers rān 'Schenkel'

Baltic: *strē̂n-ā̂ (1) f., *strain-a- m.

Russ. meaning: кости таза

References: WP II 705

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *strē̂n-ā̂ (1) f., *strain-a- m.

Meaning: thigh, hip

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: strḗna `Lende, Hüfte, Keule', pl. strḗnōs `beide Hüften, beide Oberschenkel, Kreuz-, Lenden-, Hüftengegend, Kreuz, (bei Pferden) Kruppe; (dial.) Hüft- bzw. Kreuzbein; Rücken bzw. Rückenflosse'

Old Prussian: straunay [lies: strannay od. strainay] `Lenden'

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1863

Root: srēno-, -ā

English meaning: body part (hip?)

German meaning: Körperteilbenennung, etwa `Oberschenkel, Lenden'

Material: Av. rāna- m. `der äußere Teil des Oberschenkels, Oberschenkel', mp. np. rān `Schenkel'; lit. strė́nos `die Lenden, das Kreuz'.

References: WP. II 705.

Pages: 1002

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 90

Proto: *ćEŋV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: finger (knuckle), knuckle, joint

German meaning: Finger(knöchel), ? Knöchel, ? Gelenk

Udmurt (Votyak): č́ińi̮ (S), č́ińǝ̑ (k), ćińị̑ (G) 'Finger', ćiŋijo '-fingerig'

Komi (Zyrian): ćuń (S P) 'Finger', ću̇ń (PO) 'Finger, Zehe'

Khanty (Ostyak): t́ŏŋǝnuχ (DN) 'Fingerknöchel', t́uŋen (I) 'Gelenk', śŏŋǝn (Kaz.) 'Fingerknöchel' ?

Hungarian: csüd (dial. csűd, csüg, csűg, csög) 'Gelenk, Sprungbein; Knöchel' ??

References: КЭСКЯ; Bár.SzófSz; MSzFgrE; EtSz; TESz

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *c̣mart-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: икра (часть ноги)

English meaning: calf (of leg)

Georgian: sa-c̣mart-ul-

Georgian meaning (Rus.): штаны

Georgian meaning (Engl.): trousers

Megrel: c̣imort-, c̣ǝmort-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 245, EWK 507. Ср., может быть, алт. *sumV 'ластовица, рукав' (или *šiūŋe 'кость, голень').

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMV

Meaning : bone

Eurasiatic : *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)

Afroasiatic : *cimʕ- (?) (cf. also Sem. *ʕač̣m-)

Sino-Caucasian : *Hc̣wḗjŋǝ̆

Austric : Cf. Austric: PAA *Cǝʔɨaŋ 'bone', PAN *suŋu 'horn' (cf. also *ʔʒVŋ 'foot, leg')

Amerind (misc.) : Salish *s-c̣ụmʔ 'bone'(under R 82 *tui)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *cimʕ- (?)

Meaning: leg; backbone'

Egyptian: smʕ (pyr) 'leg (of falcon)'

Western Chadic: *Hwacim- 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2

Central Chadic: *syam- (< *siHam-) 'leg'

South Cushitic: *caʔam- 'foot'

Notes: To WCh cf. an alternative parallel: Sem. *ʕat_̣m- 'bone' SED 25.

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: smʕ (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg (of falcon)'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *Hwa-cim-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg' 1, 'foot' 2

Warji: sma-kai 2 [Gowers]

Kariya: cuma-kǝ {SkNb]

Diri: ášǝ̀mà1 [Sk]

Pa'a: cim-un 1[Sk]

Siri: cuma 1 [Sk]

Mburku: cǝma 1 [Sk]

Jimi: assam 2 [CLR:220]

Polchi: asǝm, asǝn 1 {Kr N 55]

Mangas: wasǝm 2 [Cs]

Kir: wasǝm 1 [CLR:220]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *siyam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'leg'

Lame: šɛ̀m [Kr: 197]

Peve: šem [Kr: 205]

Zime-Batna: sém [Sa]

Mesme: sem [Kr: 215]

Banana: sìyèma [Kr: 178]

Notes: *siyam- < *siHam-, met. Note C 12 *sem 'foot, leg' [Sy: 51].

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *caʔam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: foot

Ma'a (Mbugu): ku-saʔame Tak Ms 1

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hc̣wḗjŋǝ̆

Meaning: limb, bone

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Hc̣_wējmǝ̆ (~ -n-, -ŏ)

Sino-Tibetan: *[ʒ́]eŋ

Burushaski: *-śáŋ

Basque: *śoin

Comments and references : MCGD 5.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Hc̣_wējmǝ̆ (~ -ŏ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: leg bone

Proto-Nakh: *n(ɦ)ōsta (~-ṭ-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *hinc̣:V (~ħ-,-c:-)

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõc (~-ǝ̃-)

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷäm

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. A typical case of the HCVRV̆ structure; medial *-j- reconstructed to account for *-st- in PN. There is some doubt as to the reconstruction of the final resonant: the reconstruction *Hc̣_wējnǝ̆ (with assimilation *-n > -m in PL) is also possible (Aand-Cez languages are here not informative).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *n(ɦ)ōsta (~-ṭ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leg (from foot to knee) 2 shin, shank

Chechen: nosta

Ingush: nost

Comments: PN paradigm *n(ɦ)ōsta, *n(ɦ)āstar- (cf. Chech. nastara-, Ing. nastaro). 4th class in Chech. and Ing.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *hinc̣:V (~ħ-,-c:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: groin (of an animal)

Tindi: hinc:i

Comments: Attested only in Tind., but having probable external parallels.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ʔõc (~-ǝ̃-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knucklebone

Bezhta: õc

Comments: Attested only in Bezht., but having probable external parallels.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *c̣ʷäm

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shin-bone 2 ankle

Lezghian: c̣um 1

Rutul: c̣um 1

Tsakhur: c̣om 1

Archi: c̣am-mul 2

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. c̣um / c̣ɨm. Arch. -mul is a plural suffix. Obl. base *c̣ʷäma- (cf. Rut. c̣úmu-, Tsakh. c̣oma-); 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ʒ́]eŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: joint

Kachin: lǝseŋ¹ the corpus and metacorpus of the fore-arm; (H) lǝsiŋ wrist.

Lushai: čaŋ a joint (of finger, bamboo), čāŋ a joint.

Comments: Cf. also Bugun azeŋ 'bone'.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-śáŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: limbs, body parts

Hunza: -śáŋ

Nagar: -śáŋ

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *śoin

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shoulder 2 (upper) back 3 midsection of pig (tenderloin) 4 garment, vestment

Bizkaian: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, sor-buru 2

Gipuzkoan: soin 1, 4, sor-buru 2

High Navarrese: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Low Navarrese: soin 1, 3, soin-gain 1, soiñ-egi 1, soin-buru 2

Salazarese: soin 1, soin-buru 2

Lapurdian: soin 1, 3, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Baztanese: soin 1, soin-buru 2

Zuberoan: suin, suñ 1, 3, süñ-hegi 1

Roncalese: soin 1, 4, soin-buru 2, soin-gain 1

Comments: This word has a stem variant *śor̄-: see BZK, GIP sor-buru (above) and *śor̄-ba[r]da (q.v.).

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔcVŋu

Meaning: bone, horn

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *CǝCʔɨaŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: bone

Munda parallels: Khar ʒaŋ bone

Miao-Yao parallels: *chuŋ.C bone

Proto-Austronesian: *suŋu

Austronesian meaning: horn

Austronesian code: not in B

References: P-164; Ja 69, Peiros 1998, 158, 164.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ʔɨaŋ

Meaning: bone

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: CǝC-

Proto-Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Proto-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ V?

Khmer: chǝʔɨŋ V?

Proto-Pearic: *lɔ:ŋ.N V?

Proto-Vietic: *sɨǝŋ

Proto-Palaungic: *ʔa:ŋ

Proto-Khmu: *ʔa:ŋ

Khasi: sh'ieŋ bone

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝʔaŋ

References: Kh 734

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: CǝN-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:ŋ

References: P-104; TK5.3

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: N-

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Bru Van Keu: ŋha:ŋ

Bru Van Keu meaning: bone

So: nkha:ŋ.N

So meaning: bone

Bru: ŋha:ŋ.N

Bru meaning: bone

Sou: haha:ŋ

Kui: ŋha:ŋ.N

Kui meaning: bone

Kuay: ŋha:ŋ.N

Kuay meaning: bone

Ngeu: ha:ŋ

Ngeu meaning: bone

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ha:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: ŋ- / #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ŋha:ŋ

Pakoh meaning: bone

Taojh: ŋha:ŋ

Taojh meaning: bone (PT-215)

Lao Katu: ha:ŋ

Lao Katu meaning: bone

Ngeq: nha:ŋ

Ngeq meaning: bone

Chatong: ŋha:ŋ

Kantu dialects: ʔaŋha:ŋ

Triw: ʔiha:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (1): ʔǝha:ŋ

Dakkan dialects (2): hǝha:ŋ

Dakkan meaning: bone

Katu dialects (1): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (2): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (3): ŋha:ŋ

Katu dialects (4): ŋha:ŋ

Katu meaning: bone

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ

Meaning: bone

Presyllable: kǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: kǝti:ŋ

Bahnar meaning: bone

Proto-North Bahnaric: *se:ŋ.L, kǝ-

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti:ŋ, CǝN-

Proto-West Bahnaric: *tɨǝŋ, kǝ-/gǝr-

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ, Hǝ-/kǝ-

Harak: kati:ŋ

References: PNB, JS-882, TB5.3

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *se:ŋ.L, kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: kǝse:ŋ.L

Rengao meaning: bone

Jeh form: kǝsiaŋ.L

Jeh meaning: bone

Sedang form: kǝsiaŋ.L

Sedang meaning: bone

Hre form: kǝsɛń.L

Hre meaning: bone

Mo'dra: kǝseŋ.L

Didra: kǝseŋ.L

References: PNB, GS-98

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ti:ŋ, CǝN-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: nti:ŋ

Chrau meaning: bone

Stieng form: tiŋ

Stieng meaning: bone

References: SBS-288

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *tɨǝŋ, gǝr-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: kǝtɨǝŋ

Jaru meaning: bone

Lavi: katɨǝŋ

Juk: kati:ŋ

Nhaheung form: grɨǝŋ

Nhaheung meaning: bone

Brao form: kǝdɨ:ŋ

Brao meaning: bone

References: JS-882

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *tiǝŋ, Hǝ-/kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: tiǝŋ

Kaseng: ʔǝtiǝŋ

Yaeh: kriǝŋ

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *tiǝŋ, hǝ-/kǝ-

Meaning: bone

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: kati:ŋ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: chǝʔɨŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: cǝʔiŋ

Old Khmer Meaning: bone

References: P149, JP70

Pearic etymology :

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *sɨǝŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: xu'o'ng

Thomon: sɨǝŋ.43

Tum: siaŋ.45

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *ʔaŋ

Proto-Plang: *ʔaŋ

Proto-De'ang: *ʔa:ŋ

Riang: ʔaŋ.1, cn-

Riang meaning: bone

Proto-Angku: *ʔa:ŋ

Lamet: ʔa:ŋ , sŋ- bone

Danaw: kǝnâŋ.4 bone < *ʔâŋ, kǝn

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: ʔaŋ, si-

Paraok meaning: bone

Wa: ʔaŋ

Wa meaning: bone

Ava: ʔaŋ, si-

Lawa: ʔaŋ, sǝ-

Lawa meaning: bone

Um: ʔaŋ, sa-

Wa (dial.): ʔaŋ.1, siʔ.1-

Wa (dial.) meaning: bone

References: D-123: *sʔaŋ

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *ʔaŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: ʔaŋ.1, kaʔ.4-

Bulang meaning: bone

Bulang-1: sa.31 ʔaŋ.33

Bulang-1 meaning: bone

Konto: ʔaŋ.1, sǝ-

Konto meaning: bone

Samtao (Paulsen): ʔaŋ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: bone

Samtao (Diffloth): ʔaŋ.1, s-

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: bone

References: P-138: *Cǝʔaŋ.1

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: kǝʔa:ŋ

De'ang-1: kaʔa:ŋ

De'ang-2: kaʔa:ŋ.2

Rumai: kǝ.55 aŋ.412 'seed'

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *ʔa:ŋ

Meaning: bone

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: ʔaŋ.51

Shuangdiang: sa.31 ʔaŋ.51

Gantang: ʔaŋ.51

Yongde: ʔaŋ.51

Mang'an: si.55 aŋ.51

U: ʔaŋ.1

Hu: ʔaŋ.2

Huq: ka.0 aŋ.33

Khamet: a:ŋ.31

Khme: ʔaŋ.51

References: WW-270; S-115

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝʔa:ŋ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: bone

Semelai: ʒǝʔaŋ

Semoq Beri: ʒaʔaŋ

Kensiw: ʔijeŋ

Jahai: ʒǝʔeŋ

Jah-Hut: ʒǝʔaŋ

Semai: ʒʔa:kŋ

Temiar: ʒǝʔa:k

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