Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *čɨgɨr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to stamp, ram (ground) 2 stamped snow 3 boundary, limit 4 small path

Russian meaning: 1 топтать, утаптывать (землю) 2 утоптанный снег 3 граница 4 узкая тропа

Karakhanid: čɨɣru- 1, čɨɣɨr 4 (MK)

Turkish: čɨɣɨr 4, 'coomb, trace of an avalanche'

Tatar: čɨɣɨr 3

Middle Turkic: čɨɣɨr 'thawed spot' (Sangl.), 'snow stamped by strong wind' (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: čijir 'trace'

Uighur: čiɣir jol 4

Turkmen: čɨGɨr 3

Halaj: čɨɣɨr 'bad road'

Tuva: šɨ̄r 2

Tofalar: šɨ̄r 'spot on snow or ground with many tracks'

Kirghiz: čɨjɨr, čijir 4

Kazakh: šɨjɨr 'stamped'

Balkar: čɨjɨr-t- 'to stamp snow, grass'

Comments: VEWT 95, 107, EDT 409, 410. Cf. perhaps also PT *čig- 'to draw a line' (VEWT 110). Turk. > Mong. Khalkha čijr 'stamped road', Kalm. čīr 'eaten and stamped grass' (KW 443).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *č`ika ( ~ -u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to stamp, ram; stamped path

Russian meaning: утаптывать, набивать; утоптанная тропа

Turkic: *čɨgɨr

Mongolian: *čig

Tungus-Manchu: *čiKi-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Mong. > Tung. (Evk. čigǯan, čigle- etc.), see ТМС 2, 389 (perhaps also Nan. ǯịGda-, ТМС 1, 255) - although Evk. čiki 'stamped snow' must be genuine.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *čig

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to stamp, ram 2 narrow, pressed 3 direction

Russian meaning: 1 набивать, затыкать 2 узкий, сдавленный 3 направление

Written Mongolian: čigǯi- 1 (L 180), čig 3 (L 178), čig 2

Khalkha: čigǯ- 1, čig 3

Buriat: šegžǖn 'набитый (о трубке)', šeg 3

Kalmuck: čig 2

Ordos: čig

Dongxian: čɨGǝi- 1

Baoan: čiχǝ- 1

Shary-Yoghur: čiGǝ- 1

Comments: MGCD 569, KW 438.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čiKi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 edge, border 2 to go along the shore, come out on the shore 3 stamped snow

Russian meaning: 1 край, граница 2 идти по берегу, выходить на берег 3 утоптанный снег

Evenki: čiki (Tomm.)

Literary Manchu: čikin 1, čiki-ra- 2

Nanai: čiku-le- 2 (Kur-Urm.)

Comments: ТМС 2, 389, 391.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ceKV

Meaning: tramp, step

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *č`ika ( ~ -u)

Uralic: *ćäke(-rV) [cf. also *aśke ~ *aćke 'step']

Kartvelian: *ćeḳ-

Comments: For Ur. *aćke- cf. perhaps IE *steigh-; Alt. *ǯígù 'hurry, run' ( *ʒ́wigV)

References: ND 450 *ĉEkʕV 'step, trample, trample down' (+ Mehr. ŝḳʕ 'step').

Uralic etymology :

Number: 56

Proto: *ćäke(-rV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: hard snow; tramped winter soil

German meaning: harter Schnee; abgeweidetes, fest getretenes Land im Winter

Saam (Lapp): čiegâr -kk- (N) 'snow-field which has been trampled and dug up by reindeer', tjiekar (L) 'von Rentieren im Winter aufgescharrtes und abgeweidetes Gebiet', čīɣar (Kld.), čieɣar (Not.) 'Weideplatz der Rentierherde', či̊gr-sijje (T) 'Weideplatz' ( > Finn. kiekerö)

Khanty (Ostyak): t́ăɣǝr (J) 'Weideplatz der Rentiere od. der Elentiere im Winter, wo der Schnee plattgetreten ist', t́ăɣǝr (DT), śăχǝr (O) (?), t́i̮ɣǝr (V) 'Schneewehe' (?)

Mansi (Vogul): śōr (KU), śiɣr (LO), śaɣr (So.) 'niedergetretener Schnee (Weg, Hof); Schneeball, Schneeklumpen', sāli-śiɣr (LO) 'Aufenthaltsort der wilden (und zahmen) Rentiere', śorǝj- (KU), śārt- (P), śiɣrt- (LO), śaɣrt- (So.) 'niedertreten, platt treten (von Rentieren)'

Nenets (Yurak): śeχe (O) 'harter Schnee', śeχeri (O) 'allgemeiner Winterweg', śiχā (Lj.) 'Rentierweide im Winter'

Kamass: šē̮r 'Weideplatz für Rentiere'

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Lapp. > Finn kiekerö 'Winterweideplatz der Rentierherde'. The Sam. material raises some problems: in Kms., š- is not a regular reflex of *s-, but before a palatal vowel, *-e- in particular, the correspondence Nen. s'- ~ Kms. š- points to Sam. *k-, although Proto-Sam. reconstruction *kekV- makes the FU-Sam. comparison in question impossible.

References: FUV; SKES

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ćeḳ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: танцевать

English meaning: to dance

Georgian: ceḳ-

Megrel: čaḳ-

Megrel meaning (Rus.): топать, бежать, притопывая

Megrel meaning (Eng.): to stamp, to run stamping the feet

Notes and references: EWK 459. Ср. ПИЕ *skek-.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVKV

Meaning : to move, step

Eurasiatic : *ćeKV

Afroasiatic : *ʒak-/*ʒik- ?

Sino-Caucasian : *ČV́QV

Austric : PAN *anzak 'stamp, dance, tread', (?) PAA *cVʔ 'step on'

Amerind (misc.) : *caq 'go out' (R 317) [+ A]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ṗVlaḫ- ~ *ṗaḫal- (?)

Meaning: break through, split

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ṗVlVḫ- 'split'

Egyptian: pḫꜣ (<*pVḫVl-?) 'split, break through' (MK)

Western Chadic: *ṗa(H)al- 'snap, break' 1, 'strike' 2, 'break' 3

Central Chadic: *pal- 'break stone' 1, 'break stick ' 2

East Chadic: *palVw- 'break'

Notes: *ṗ is possible unless Sem *plḫ (> Arb. flḫ) 'to cultivate' is related.

Semitic etymology :

Number: 487

Proto-Semitic: *ṗVlVḫ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'split' 1, 'be sharp' 2

Hebrew: plḥ 1

Geʕez (Ethiopian): blḫ 2

Notes: Cf. Syr plḥ, Arb flḫ [-a-] 'cultivate'

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: pḫꜣ (MK)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'split, break through'

Coptic: Vyc. 167

Bohairic: phōḫ

Sahidic: pōh

Notes: Metathesis <*pḫl?

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ṗa(H)al-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'snap, break' 1, 'strike' 2 , 'break' 3

Hausa: ḅállè 1

Tangale: paale 2 [JgT]

Pero: paal 2 [FrP]

Fyer: ḅaal 3 [JgR]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *pal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'break stone' 1, 'break stick ' 2

Mafa=Matakam: pal- 2 [BMaf]

Gude: pal 1 [Hs]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *palVw-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'break'

Kera: palwe [Eb]

Notes: .

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ČV́QV

Meaning: to move, run

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *ćek ( ~ ʒ́-)

Yenisseian: *čɔʔq-

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćek ( ~ ʒ́-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: tread, trample

Chinese: 蹟, 跡 *ćek footprints, trample.

Tibetan: (ã)ćhags, p. bćags, f. bćag to tread, to walk, to move.

Chinese characters :

Character: 蹟

Modern (Beijing) reading: jī

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćek

Classic Old Chinese: cek

Western Han Chinese: cek

Eastern Han Chinese: cjek

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjek

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjek

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjek

Middle Chinese: cjek

English meaning : footprint, track

Russian meaning[s]: см. 跡

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 157

Four-angle index: 7931

Karlgren code: 0868 u

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2381

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 蹟

MC description : 梗開三入昔精

ZIHUI: 6465 0663

Beijing: ći 3

Jinan: ći 11

Xi'an: ći 11

Taiyuan: ćiǝʔ 41

Hankou: ći 12

Chengdu: ći 12

Yangzhou: ćiǝʔ 4

Suzhou: ciôʔ 41

Wenzhou: cei 41

Changsha: ci 4

Shuangfeng: ći 12

Nanchang: ćit 41

Meixian: cit 41

Guangzhou: čîk 41

Xiamen: cîk 41 (lit.); ʒiaʔ 41

Chaozhou: ceʔ 41

Fuzhou: ceiʔ 41

Shanghai: cîʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: ci 42

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *čɔq-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to run

Ket: tɔq-tǝt⁵

Yug: čat-tat⁵ "to trot"

Kottish: čag-anthak "running", čāganthagākŋ "to run"; hu-čax, hu-čak 'going in, coming in', praet. ī-čōkŋ, imper. ī-čōx

Comments: ССЕ 218. The comparison is possible if we suppose assimilation in Yug (čat-tat < *čaq-tat), and a secondary initial č- in Kottish (as in čagal 'sleep' together with ha-čāgal 'spend a night', šagal 'night camp', see КС 154). Werner 2, 276 *t'oqtǝt.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔʒVk-X

Meaning: to stamp, step

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: cVʔ

Austroasiatic meaning: to step on

Proto-Austronesian: *anzak

Austronesian meaning: stamp the feet

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVʔ

Meaning: to step on

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Katuic: EK *cuaʔ

Proto-Bahnaric: NWB *ʒuǝʔ

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *cuaʔ

Meaning: to step on

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-East Katuic: *cuaʔ

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *Cuaʔ

Meaning: to step on

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: cuaʔ.T

Pakoh meaning: to tread out, trample

Lao Katu: cuaʔ

Lao Katu meaning: to step on

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ʒuaʔ

Meaning: trample

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ʒuǝʔ

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ʒuǝʔ

Meaning: step on, run over

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ʒuǝʔ

Yaeh: ʒuǝʔ

References: TB17.485

Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 637704 1586582	Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov