Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *KĀma-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 become blinded, dumb 2 (set) teeth on edge 3 to be tired, pine, droop

Russian meaning: 1 слепнуть, глохнуть 2 набивать оскомину 3 уставать, изнемогать

Old Turkic: qamaš- (Orkh.) 3

Karakhanid: qama- (MK, KB) 1, 2

Turkish: kamaš- 1

Tatar: qamaš- 3

Middle Turkic: qamaš- (Pav. C., Бор. Бад., MA) 1, 2

Uzbek: qɛmɛš- 1

Uighur: qamaš- 2

Azerbaidzhan: Gamaš- 1

Turkmen: Gāmaš- 2

Kirghiz: qama- 2

Kazakh: qama- 2

Noghai: qama- 2

Bashkir: qamaš- 2

Karakalpak: qamas- 2

Kumyk: qama- 2

Comments: VEWT 228, ЭСТЯ 5, 242-243, 246-247. Cf. also Kirgh., Kaz. qam 'sorrow', Turkm. Gam GajGɨ 'mischief, sorrow'. Turk. > MMong. (MA) qama- id. (see Щербак 1997, 197).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kāmV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: be weak, oppress

Russian meaning: быть немощным, подавлять, препятствовать

Turkic: *KĀma-

Mongolian: *kama-

Tungus-Manchu: *kama-

Korean: *kam-

Japanese: *kǝ̀mà-r- ( ~ kuàmà-r-)

Comments: KW 165, EAS 47, SKE 91-2. The Kor. parallel is found only there; as for the Japanese word, it is not attested in any OJ or MJ sources, so the PJ reconstruction is uncertain. One should also note irregular PJ vocalism and tone (*-a- with high tone would be expected). This all makes the Kor.-Jpn. aspect of the etymology dubious.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kama-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 scab, herpes 2 infection, epidemics

Russian meaning: 1 чесотка, парша 2 зараза, эпидемия

Written Mongolian: qamaɣu 1, qama- 'to be mangy' (L 923)

Middle Mongolian: qamāwu (IM)

Khalkha: xamū

Buriat: xamū 1, xamšag 2

Kalmuck: xamū

Ordos: xamū

Dagur: xamū (Тод. Даг. 173), (MGCD) xangu 1

Shary-Yoghur: χamū 1

Comments: KW 165, MGCD 324.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kama-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to oppress 2 to prohibit, be unable to help 3 (being at a) loss

Russian meaning: 1 притеснять 2 отказывать в помощи, делать назло 3 затруднение, беда

Evenki: kama- 1, kama-lit- 2

Even: kamaɣ 3

Negidal: kama-li- 1

Ulcha: qama-lụ- 1

Orok: qama-lị- 1

Nanai: qama-li- 1, qama 3

Udighe: kama-, kamasi- 'мешать удаче, насылать несчастье (о шаманах)' (Корм. 244), kamali- 'прищемить, придавить' (Корм. 245)

Comments: ТМС 1, 369. Despite Poppe 1966, 191, Evk. kamaɣa is not a borrowing < Mong. qamija 'relation, concern' (a quite different root, see PA *kàma).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *kam-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be unable to, to be insufficient for

Russian meaning: быть неспособным, недостаточным для ч.-л.

Modern Korean: kam-gi-

Comments: SKE 91-92.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀mà-r- ( ~ kuàmà-r-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: be in a difficult position

Russian meaning: быть в затруднительном положении

Tokyo: komár-

Kyoto: kómár-

Kagoshima: kòmàr-

Comments: JLTT 712.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kamV

Meaning: grasp

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *gem-

Altaic: *kāmV ?

Uralic: *käme(-ne)

Dravidian: *kam- 'grasp' (basically Telugu)

Comments: [Ural. *käme may be united with IE *ḱmt- and perhaps some SH (Cush., Chad.) in another root, see ND 1068 *ḲUʔämV(-nV) 'a hand with five fingers'; cf. also FW *küme 'ten'].

References: МССНЯ 370-371; ОСНЯ 1, 290-291; ND 862 *kam[o] 'to grasp, press'. An old specialization of the meaning may have been > "to gather, combine": hence some meanings in IE (Gr. gémō 'be full'), PA *kàma 'to unite, together with' (may be actually *kāma and thus identical phonetically), Sam. Ngan. kamsür- 'be united with'. ND 883 *kamV 'full, whole, all' proposes to establish a different Nostr. root, which is possible but not necessary.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *gAm-/-e-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to hold (in hand)

Tokharian: A, B kāmā- (p.p.) 'bear (away), carry (off)' (Adams 371)

Armenian: čim, čem `Zaun', čmlem `drücke, drücke zusammen'

Old Greek: gémō `voll, angefüllt, belastet sein', hom. aor. génto `er fasste, er griff', aor. kypr. apó-geme = áphelke. Kǘprioi. Hsch.; gémos n. `Last', gómo-s m. `Schiffsladung, Fracht, Last'; Salamin. hǘŋ-gemo-s =`завязка, повязка' (= süllabḗ Hsch.)

Slavic: *žę̄ti, *žьmǭ; *žьmenjā

Baltic: *gum̃- vb. tr.

Other Italic: Umbr gomia, kumiaf `gravidās' (> Lat gumia f. `Schlemmer, Fresser')

Celtic: MIr gemel `Fessel'; Cymr gefyn `Fessel'

Russ. meaning: сжимать в руке, содержать

References: WP I 572 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *gum̃- vb. tr.

Meaning: be squeezed, bend

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lettish: gùmt (/ gum̂t Warkh) (-mstu, -mu) `sich biegen; wulstig werden; überfallen, sich langsam auf einen senken; greifen'

Uralic etymology :

Number: 267

Proto: *käme(-ne)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: palm of hand, hollow of hand

German meaning: die flache Hand, die hohle Hand, Handteller

Finnish: kämmen 'die flache Hand, Handteller, Handfläche'

Estonian: kämmal (gen. kämbla), kämmel (gen. kämble)

Saam (Lapp): kiem (gen. kiemman) (Friis) 'palma', kjämman (T), ḱėämă (gen. kė̆ä̆mman) 'Handteller, Hand', kĕä̆^bmmaD (I) ;die flache Hand, Handteller'

Khanty (Ostyak): kömǝn-kăɣǝr (V) 'hohle Hand, Faust, Handvoll'

Yukaghir parallels: OC

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVMV

Meaning : grasp

Eurasiatic : *kamV

Afroasiatic : *kum-

Sino-Caucasian : ST *kham ( ~ *g(h)-) 'accept, take'

Austric : PAA *ke:m / *ge:m 'grasp', PAN *agem 'hold, grip' (also *kamkam), PT *kam 'fist, make a fist'

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kàmat- 'seize'.

Reference : Peiros 1989, 128. GE 3 (+ Khois., NiC, ?NS, ?IP)

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum-

Meaning: hold, take, obtain

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ḥVkum- 'take' (?)

Western Chadic: *kām- 'receive'

Central Chadic: *kum- 'obtain'

East Chadic: *ʔwakum- 'keep/carry smth in the mouth' 1, 'catch a falling thing' 2

South Cushitic: *kom- 'have' 1, 'grip' 2

Dahalo (Sanye): kam- 'hold'

Semitic etymology :

Number: 1708

Proto-Semitic: *ḥVkum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'take'

Akkadian: ekēmu

Arabic: ḥkm [-u-]

Notes: Prefix *ḥV-

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *kām- (< *kaHam-)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'receive'

Geji: káamí [Cs N 811]

Buli: kámǝ [Cs N 811]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *kum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'obtain'

Fali Kiria: kùmà-nuʔ [Kr N 428]

Fali Gili: kùmɔ̀-vwi [Kr]

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *ʔwakum-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'keep/carry smth in the mouth' 1, 'catch a falling thing' 2

Dangla: ɔ̀kùmɛ̀ 2 [Fd]

Migama: ʔúkùmò 1 [JMig]

Jegu: ʔòkom 1 [JBid]

South Cushitic etymology :

Proto-South Cushitic: *kom-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'have' 1, 'grip' 2

Iraqw (Mbulu): kom- 1

Burunge (Mbulungi): kom- 2

Asa-Aramanic: kom- 1

Qwadza (Ngomvia): kom-os- 2

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: kam-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'hold'

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *gem

Meaning: grasp

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ke:m / *ge:m

Austroasiatic meaning: grasp

Proto-Austronesian: *agem

Austronesian meaning: hold, grip

Austronesian code: N58

Proto-Thai: kam.A

Thai meaning: fist, to make a fist

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ke:m / *ge:m

Meaning: grasp

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: kam.A fist, to make a fist

Proto-Monic: *kiǝm

Proto-Palaungic: Wa *giam

Khasi: shikhem as much as could be grasp in hand

References: S-109, S-118

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *kiǝm

Meaning: to grasp in hand, pick up

Presyllable: cǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: skem, kem

Old Mon: ckem

Nyakur meaning: to grasp in hand, pick up

Nyakur (dial.): TP: cǝkiam.L

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *giam

Meaning: to hug. embrace

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

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