Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kibē

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: birch bark

Russian meaning: береста

Evenki: kiwe, kiwē, kīwe

Even: kīwe

Comments: ТМС 1, 390. Cf. also Nan. dial. koerẽ 'ash tree' (ТМС 1, 420).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kĭ̀ba ( ~ -p-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *Kɨbak / *Kabak

Tungus-Manchu: *kibē

Japanese: *kàpài ( ~ -ia)

Comments: The reflexes point to a tree with distinct bright bark, probably birch (cf. also PU *kojwV 'birch' compared in МССНЯ 330, ОСНЯ 1, 300).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kɨbak / *Kabak

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: white poplar, willow

Russian meaning: белый тополь, ива

Turkish: kavak

Tatar: quvaq

Middle Turkic: qawaq (Houts.)

Uighur: qapaq (Jarr.)

Azerbaidzhan: GovaG

Oyrat: qāq, dial. qabaq

Chuvash: хъʷva

Tuva: xāk

Tofalar: xā̃k

Bashkir: qɨwaq

Gagauz: qavaq

Comments: VEWT 215, ЭСТЯ 5, 170-171, TMN 3, 534-535. The variant *Kabak is probably secondary, due to vowel assimilation; qapaq in Uygh. is also secondary - a contamination with *Kap- 'cover'.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kàpài ( ~ -ia)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: a k. of cypress or Thuja

Russian meaning: вид кипариса или туи

Old Japanese: kap(j)e

Middle Japanese: kàfè

Comments: JLTT 432.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kojw[a]

Meaning: birch

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *kiba

Uralic: *kojwa

References: МССНЯ 330, ОСНЯ 1, 300; ND 976 *koyw[a] 'birch tree'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 337

Proto: *kojwa

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: birch

German meaning: Birke

Finnish: koivu 'Birke'

Estonian: kõiv (gen. kõivu)

Saam (Lapp): koḁjĕvū, koḁivū (Pitä) ?

Mordovian: kiĺej, kiĺeŋ (E), kelu (M) 'Birke', kiv-geŕ (E), kuj-geŕ (M) 'Birkenrinde', kujme (E), kujmä, kujvä (M) 'Korb', kujma (M) 'großes Holzgefäß', kujńä 'Körbchen aus Ulmenbast'

Mari (Cheremis): kuɣi, koɣi (KB), kue (U B) 'Birke'

Mansi (Vogul): kɛ̮̄ĺ (TJ), kē̮ĺ (TG P), χāĺ (KU So.)

Hungarian: hajó 'Schiff' (dial. hijjó, hijó, híjó 'Kahn') ?

Nenets (Yurak): χo (O), kujku (Lj.) 'Birke', kujku (W) 'id.; Korb aus Birkenrinde'

Enets (Yen): kua 'Birke, kūa (ch.)

Nganasan (Tawgi): kụa

Selkup: k͔wǟ, k͔oä (Ta.), köe, k͔öe (Ke.), kä (Ty.), k͔ǟ (Tur.)

Kamass: kujш, kojш

Janhunen's version: (84) *koxji6

Sammalahti's version: *koxji6

Addenda: Koib. kuju; Mot. ku; Taig. kúo

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVJWV

Meaning : a k. of tree

Eurasiatic : *kojw[a]

Sino-Caucasian : *HăxḳwV́ ?

Austric : *XVw

Amerind (misc.) : *qaywa 'plant' (R 553) [+ K], *kui 'tree' (R 785); ? *ake 'wood' (R 869)

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *hăxḳwV́ ( ~ ɦ-)

Meaning: bush, branch

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *hăḳwV ( ~ ɦ-)

Yenisseian: *ʔǝqe

Basque: *haga

Comments and references : BCD 25.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *hăḳwV ( ~ ɦ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bush, branch, sprout

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *haḳʷV ( ~ ħ-,-o-)

Proto-Tsezian: *haḳ ( ~ ħ-)

Notes: An And.-Tsez. isogloss.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *haḳʷV ( ~ ħ-,-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bush 2 branch

Chamalal: haḳu 1 (Gig.)

Tindi: haḳu 1

Karata: haḳʷa 2 (Archo.)

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *haḳ ( ~ ħ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tops (of plants) 2 flower

Bezhta: haḳ (Khosh.) 1

Gunzib: haḳ 2

Comments: PGB *haḳ.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *ʔǝqe

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: branch

Ket: ъ̄ʁǝ¹ (Imb.; S.-Imb. ъ̄ʁ), pl. ʌʁɨn⁵ // ʌ:n

Yug: ъ:x, pl. ʌxɨn⁵

Kottish: ogé, *ṓge, *ṓke, g. ogei, pl. ogán, okan

Pumpokol: kédiŋ jaxi (Срсл.) "branch, bough" (kediŋ "root")

Comments: ССЕ 192. Werner 2, 420 <*ʌ̀Gé>.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *haga

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: long pole, rod; rod (measurement)

Bizkaian: aga

Gipuzkoan: aga

High Navarrese: aga

Low Navarrese: haga

Lapurdian: haga

Zuberoan: hága

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *XVw

Meaning: tree

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *Cǝhua

Austroasiatic meaning: tree

Proto-Austronesian: *kaSiw

Austronesian meaning: tree

Austronesian code: B1981

References: Schmidt 1906, Peiros 1998, 161, 163.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *hua

Meaning: tree

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Presyllable: Cǝ-

Proto-Bahnaric: *hV

Proto-Monic: *chu:ʔ

Proto-Palaungic: *hauʔ

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝhuʔ

References: S-116

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *hV

Meaning: tree

Presyllable: ʒǝ-

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-South Bahnaric: *hV

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *hV

Meaning: tree

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: chǝ

Stieng form: ʒhɨ

Other SB languages: Mnong Rolom ʒhɨ, Mnong Bunong si, Mnong Dip ta:m si, Ma chi, Sre chi, Kaho Chil chi

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic: *chu:ʔ

Meaning: tree

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: chu

Old Mon: chu

Middle Mon: chu

Nyakur: su:ʔ.L

Nyakur meaning: tree

References: N64; S-116

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *hauʔ

Meaning: tree

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *hauʔ, k-

Proto-Plang: *hauʔ, k-

References: WW-163

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa: *hauʔ, k-

Meaning: tree, wood, stick

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: khauʔ

Paraok meaning: tree, wood, stick

Wa: khauʔ

Wa meaning: tree, wood

Ava: khɔʔ

Lawa: khoʔ

Lawa meaning: tree

Um: khoʔ

Wa (dial.): khauʔ.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: tree

References: D-113: *khoʔ.1

Plang etymology :

Proto-Plang: *hauʔ, k-

Meaning: tree, wood

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Bulang: khuʔ.1

Bulang meaning: tree

Bulang-1: khu.51

Bulang-1 meaning: tree

Konto: khuʔ.B.1

Konto meaning: tree

Samtao (Paulsen): khaoʔ.1

Samtao (Paulsen) meaning: tree

Samtao (Diffloth): khuʔ.1

Samtao (Diffloth) meaning: tree

References: P-79: *khuʔ.1

Aslian etymology :

Proto-Aslian: *ʒǝhuʔ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Meaning: tree

Kensiw: ʔihũʔ

Jahai: ʒǝhũʔ

Jah-Hut: nahɔ̃ʔ

Semai: ʒhu:ʔ

Temiar: ʒǝhuʔ

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