Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *belberkej

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: pastern, ankle (of horses, animals)

Russian meaning: бабка (у лошадей, животных)

Written Mongolian: belber(e)kei (L 96), belbenčeg (DO 63)

Khalkha: belberxi, berevxi

Buriat: berbegei, dial. belhen

Kalmuck: belẉrkɛ̄, belẉncǝg

Ordos: belbenčik

Comments: KW 42.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *bi̯ắĺmi

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: knee, ankle

Russian meaning: колено, бабка

Turkic: *bAĺmak

Mongolian: *belberkej

Tungus-Manchu: *bialebki

Korean: *parmak (~ -ă-)

Japanese: *pínsá

Comments: SKE 186 (Kor.-Turk.); Дыбо 1989a (Mong-TM). For a different treatment see ОСНЯ III 67-69 (cf. *pằlgà below).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *bAĺ-mak

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: boot, shoe

Russian meaning: ботинок, обувь

Karakhanid: bašmaq (MK Oghuz), bašaq (MK Chigil), bašmaq (IM)

Turkish: bašmak, pašmak

Tatar: bašmaq

Middle Turkic: bašmaq (Sangl., MA)

Uzbek: dial. (Khorazm) baš-lɨq 'heel-piece of a boot'

Azerbaidzhan: bašmaG

Turkmen: bašmaq, pašmaq ("heel of a camel; boot")

Kirghiz: bašmaq-ta- 'to sole (a boot)'

Noghai: bašmaq

Bashkir: bašmaq

Balkar: bašmaq

Karakalpak: bašmaq

Kumyk: bašmaq

Comments: EDT 382-383, ЭСТЯ 2, 93-95, ОСНЯ 3 69, TMN 2, 293-294. Doerfer's inner etymology (bašmak with vowel elision < *baša-mak from *baša- 'to cut, make notches') is impossible: baša- is derived from *bāĺ(č) 'wound' with a long vowel, while bašmak has a short one.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *bialebki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 knee cap 2 knee

Russian meaning: 1 коленная чашечка 2 колено

Nanai: bịlōkị (Он. 66) 1

Udighe: bäluga (-uɣa), böloɣo (-uɣo) 1 (Корм. 211)

Solon: bolōxi 2

Comments: Cf. also (?) Oroch mileuki 'knee cap' (with a strange m-) (Аврорин - Лебедева 204). See ТМС 1, 123. TM > Dag. bolōgi, bolōki 'knee cap' (Тод. Даг. 127).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *parmak (~ -ă-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: a k. of footwear

Russian meaning: вид обуви

Modern Korean: palmak

Comments: KED 727.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pínsá

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: knee

Russian meaning: колено

Old Japanese: pjiza

Middle Japanese: fízá

Tokyo: hìza

Kyoto: hízá

Kagoshima: híza

Shuri: Físà 'foot'

Comments: JLTT 412.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *bVl(m)V

Meaning: knee

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *bi̯ắĺmi

Uralic: polwe

References: Suggested by V. Glumov.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 802

Proto: *polwe

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: knee

German meaning: Knie

Finnish: polvi (gen. polven) 'Knie; Gelenk, Glied; Biegung; Geschlecht', polveutu- 'von etw. herstammen'

Estonian: põlv (gen. põlve) 'Knie; Stand, Zustand; Zeit(alter)'

Saam (Lapp): buol'vâ -lv- (N) 'generation', puol'va (L) 'Knie, Generation', pi̊vl (T), pūlv (Kld.), puolv (Not.), pulv (A) 'Knie'

Mordovian: puĺaza, pumaža (E), kumanža (ERS), pulmańžä, polmanža (M), puĺźa- (E M) 'knien'

Mari (Cheremis): pul-wuj, pǝ̑l-wuj (KB), pul-wuj (U B) 'Knie'

Nenets (Yurak): pūlī (O), pūrī (Nj.)

Enets (Yen): fuase (Ch.), fosē (B)

Nganasan (Tawgi): fụa-gai, fuegai

Selkup: pūle (TaU), pūlsej (KeM TyM), pūli̮ (Tur.)

Janhunen's version: (108) *po/uxli6

Sammalahti's version: *po/uxli6

Addenda: Koib. püsüt 'Schienbein'; Mot. hua, hooi 'devant de la jambe, Schienbein'; ? Taig. пызеть 'колено'

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVLMV

Meaning : foot, knee

Eurasiatic : *bVl(m)V

Sino-Caucasian : *ṗɨ̆mɫV̆́

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *bɨ̆mɫV̆́

Meaning: foot

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *bɨ̆mɫV̆

Sino-Tibetan: *phǝ̆l (~ -ɨ̆-,-ŭ-)

Yenisseian: *bul

Burushaski: *búmbal-

Comments and references : LV A5, MCGD 3; somewhat differently in HGC 25, NSC 60. Peiros 1989 compares PAN (Zorc) *d¹apal 'foot', AA *(Cǝ)pVlh 'ankle'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *bɨ̆mɫV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hoof, foot

Proto-Nakh: *bar-iḳ

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *mVlV

Proto-Tsezian: *bula (~-o-,-r-)

Notes: The root is not very widely spread (cf. also Gunz. malu 'hoof' - probably from old Avar.), but seems to be reliable. *-r- in PN is a normal reflex of *ɫ (and *l) before a velar (either as part of root or as a suffix). A possible trace of this root in Lezg. is the Agul (Fit.) form kuš-mul 'hoof (of artiodactyla)' (for kuš- see *kwăśV).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *bar-iḳ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hoof

Chechen: berg

Ingush: barg

Comments: 4th class in Chech., 6th class in Ing. *-iḳ is a common diminutive suffix.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *mVlV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foot

Avar: mal

Comments: Av. paradigm C (malá-l, mála-l).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *bula (~-o-,-r-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: hoof

Tsezi: bula

Ginukh: bula

Comments: PTsKh *buRa.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phǝ̆l (~ -ɨ̆-,-ŭ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: upper part of foot (leg)

Chinese: 腓 *bhǝj calf of leg.

Tibetan: bol the upper part of the foot.

Kiranti: *phä̀l (/*ʔp-)

Chinese characters :

Character: 腓

Modern (Beijing) reading: féi

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhǝj

Classic Old Chinese: bhǝj

Western Han Chinese: bhǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: bhwǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: bhwɨj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhwɨj

Late Postclassic Chinese: bhwɨj

Middle Chinese: bwɨj

English meaning : calf of leg, leg; decay

Russian meaning[s]: 1) икры ног; 2) избегать, уклоняться

Comments: For *bh- cf. Fuzhou phi².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 2731

Karlgren code: 0579 q

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *phä̀l (/*ʔp-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: calf (of leg)

Sunwar: polpol

Tulung: palsö

Kaling: pälsö

Dumi: phélǝp 'thigh' [but cf. Nep. philā]

Comments: p- in Khaling is irregular (either ph- or b- would be expected); perhaps it indicates a loan < Tul. Toba 88 *pälsö.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: phélǝp

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: thigh

Comments: cf. phipsul.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *bul

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: foot, leg

Ket: būĺ, pl. buĺǝŋ⁵

Yug: bul, pl. bulɨŋ⁵; cf. bul, pl. bu:ĺ /bulɨŋ⁵ "sleigh detail"

Kottish: pul, pl. -aŋ "foot, leg" (pulap, pl. -aŋ "sole of foot"); bulaŋ "by foot"; (Бол.) pul "foot, leg"; Ass. puláŋ (М., Сл., Срсл., Кл.), pulan (Кл.) "feet, legs"; pulán-ujáha (М., Сл.), pulan-ajáha (Кл.) "to go"

Arin: pil (М., Сл., Кл., Срсл.,) "feet, legs"; apil (Лоск.) "foot, leg"

Pumpokol: bulún (Сл.) "to go"

Comments: ССЕ 213. Werner 1, 153. Cf. also the PY derivative *buloĺ ( ~ -r) 'stocking': Ket. buĺɔĺ⁶, Yug. bulɔl^5,6, Arin (М., Сл., Кл.) proroŋ "stockings" (with assimilation < *piloroŋ); explained by Werner 1, 149 as *bul + *ʔoʔĺ 'hull'.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *búmbal-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: ankle (Knöchel)

Yasin: búmbalten

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