Mongolian etymology : List with all references

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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *ürgü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be afraid, frightened

Russian meaning: бояться, пугаться

Written Mongolian: ürgü-

Middle Mongolian: urgu- (SH), orgo- (IM), urgu- (MA)

Khalkha: ürgü-, ürge-

Buriat: ürge-

Kalmuck: ürgǝ-

Ordos: ürgü-

Baoan: hergǝ

Dagur: xurgi-

Monguor: furgudi-, xargudi- (SM 110, 162)

Comments: KW 459, MGCD 696. Mong. > Man. urxu- (ТМС 2, 286). Initial x- in Dagur is not quite clear and may reflect a merger with a different root; MMong. forms clearly have 0- (Poppe 1983, 115 cites hürgü-, but the source is unknown),

monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-reference,

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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *ṑr(e)kV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be frightened, startled

Russian meaning: пугаться

Turkic: *ürk-

Mongolian: *ürgü-

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ūrkan-

Japanese: *ǝ̀ntǝ̀rǝ̀k-

Comments: EAS 122, Poppe 80, 83, 111. Mong. may be < Turk., see Щербак 1997, 162. There is also a possibility of confusion of this root with *p`i̯ŭ̀ri q. v. - in Turkic their reflexes could have merged, and in Mong. some dialects (cf. the Dagur form) may reflect *hürgü-.

altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,

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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *ürk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be afraid

Russian meaning: бояться

Old Turkic: ürk- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ürk- (MK)

Turkish: ürk-

Tatar: ü̆rk-

Middle Turkic: ürk- (Pav. C.), ürük- (AH)

Uzbek: hürk-

Uighur: ürkü-

Sary-Yughur: örk-

Azerbaidzhan: ürk-

Turkmen: ürk-

Khakassian: ürük-

Oyrat: ürkü-

Halaj: hirk-

Yakut: ürg-üt- 'to frighten'

Dolgan: ürg-üt- 'to frighten'

Kirghiz: ürk-

Kazakh: ürkĭ-

Noghai: ürk-

Bashkir: ü̆rk-

Balkar: ürk-

Gagauz: jürük-

Karaim: ürk-

Karakalpak: ürk-

Kumyk: ürk-

Comments: EDT 221, VEWT 522, ЭСТЯ 1, 635-637, Stachowski 253.

turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,

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Tungus etymology :

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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ūrkan-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to lose consciousness, be knocked out

Russian meaning: терять сознание, быть оглушенным

Evenki: ūrkan-

Even: ụ̄rqъ̣n-

Negidal: ojkan-

Udighe: ukana-

Comments: ТМС 2, 286.

tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ude,tunget-reference,

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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *ǝ̀ntǝ̀rǝ̀k-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be startled, horror-struck

Russian meaning: пугаться

Old Japanese: od(w)or(w)ok-

Middle Japanese: òdòròk-

Tokyo: odorók-

Kyoto: ódórók-

Kagoshima: odorók-

Comments: JLTT 740. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.

japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *wVrVkV

Meaning: anger, fright

Indo-European: *werǝg'-

Altaic: *ṑr(e)kV

Dravidian: *ved_- / *ver- (?)

nostret-meaning,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,

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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *werǝg'-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: strength, force

Old Indian: ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `power, strength, vigour, sap', ūrjá- `strong, powerful, eminent'

Old Greek: orgǟ́ f. `seelischer, Sinnesart, Charakter, (heftige) gemütsbewegung, Leidenschaft, Zorn'; orgáō `von ernährenden Feuchtigkeit und Saft strot zen, schwellen'; orgás, gen. -ád-os f. `üppig fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au'

Celtic: OIr ferc, ferg `Zorn'

Russ. meaning: жизненная сила

References: WP I 289

piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,

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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 2179

Root: u̯erĝ-3, u̯orĝ-

English meaning: to abound, to be full of strength

German meaning: `strotzen, schwellen vor Saft und Kraft oder Zorn'

Material: Ai. ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `Saft und Kraft, Nahrung' (*u̯_orĝ-?), ūrjáyati `nährt, kräftigt', ū́rjasvant- `strotzend';

gr. ὀργή `seelischer, heftiger Trieb, Affekt, Zorn' (ὀργίζω `erzürne jemanden' u. dgl.), ὀργάω `von Feuchtigkeit und Saft strotzen, heftig begehren, in leidenschaftlicher Stimmung sein', ὀργάς, -άδος (γη̃) `üppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au';

e-stufig air. ferc, mir. ferg f. `Zorn' vermutlich auch der ὠκεάνος Οὐεργιουιος bei Ptol. (d. i. vergivios `der zornige'? oder noch `der schwellende, wogende'?); mcymr. y werit `Meer' (d. h. y werydd) eher aus *u̯_eri̯o- zu *au̯er- oben S. 80 und 1165; vgl. Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II, 669 f.

References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.

Pages: 1169

PIE database: PIE database

pokorny-root,pokorny-meaning,pokorny-ger_mean,pokorny-material,pokorny-ref,pokorny-pages,pokorny-piet,

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Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-Dravidian : *ved_- / *ver- (?)

Meaning : to fear

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *ver-~*ver_-

Proto-Telugu : *ver_-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ved_-i-

Notes : Strange correspondences due to lack of alveolar articulation in SDR.

dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,

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South Dravidian etymology :

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Proto-South Dravidian : *ver-~*ver_-

Meaning : to fear

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : veru

Tamil meaning : fear, dread

Tamil derivates : veruvu (veruvi-) to be afraid of, be alarmed, frightened or startled; n. fear, fright; veruḷ (veruḷv-, veruṇṭ-; veruḷi-), viraḷ (viraḷv-, viraṇṭ-) to be startled, perplexed, bewildered, be frightened, shy, be skittish; n. fear, perplexity, that which is fearful; viraṭṭu (viraṭṭi-) to frighten, intimidate; veruḷi bewilderment, that which causes terror, bugbear, scarecrow; veruṭṭu (veruṭṭi-) to terrify, frighten, confuse, stupefy, drive away (as animals); veruṭci bewilderment, shyness, skittishness, fear; vir_a (-pp-, -nt-) to fear; vir_appu fear; ver_i (-pp-, -tt-) to be frightened; n. fear

Malayalam : veruḷuka

Malayalam meaning : to be frightened, confused, furious

Malayalam derivates : viraḷuka to start, be shaken with fear; viraḷi scarecrow; viraṭṭuka to frighten; viraṭṭal frightening

Kannada : bercu, beccu

Kannada meaning : to be frightened, scared; n. fear, dread; a scarecrow

Kannada derivates : bercisu, beccisu to frighten; beccaḷisu to be confused, become perplexed or bewildered, be deprived of consciousness, be beguiled; beppaḷa amazement, alarm, fear, etc.; beppu wandering of the mind, confusion; bebbarisu to get bewildered from fear, be greatly frightened; bebbaḷa alarm, confusion; (PBh.) bir_ut(u) having feared; beragu fear

Kodagu : boraḍ- (boraḍuv-, boraṇḍ-)

Kodagu meaning : to be thrown into confusion by fear

Kodagu derivates : boraṭ- (boraṭi-) to frighten and make run in all directions (usually of cattle); ? bott- (botti-) to fear, be frightened

Proto-Nilgiri : *verḷ-

Notes : The root is uncertain: Tamil, Malayalam and Kota/Toda seem to point to PSDR *ver-, while Kannada, Kodagu and some Tamil forms point to *ver_-. External data shows *ver_- to be primary; in that case, the Tamil and Nilgiri form either belong to a different root or represent an old borrowing from some Kannada dialect.

Number in DED : 5489

sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-kodder,sdret-kt,sdret-notes,sdret-dednum,

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Nilgiri etymology :

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Proto-Nilgiri : *verḷ-

Meaning : frightened

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : verṇ- (verḍ-) "to become extremely afraid"

Toda : pēḷ- (pēḍ-) "(buffaloes) are frightened and run away"

Additional forms : Also Kota verṭ- (verṭy-) to cause (cattle) to have extreme fear; Toda pēṭ- (pēṭy-) to frighten (buffaloes) and cause them to run away

Number in DED : 5489

ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,

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Telugu etymology :

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Proto-Telugu : *ver_-

Meaning : fear, terror, surprise

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ver_a

Additional forms : Also ver_acu to fear, be afraid; ver_apari timid person; ver_apincu to frighten, terrify, alarm; ver_apu fear, fright, dread, terror, alarm

Number in DED : 5489

telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,

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Gondwan etymology :

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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *ved_-i-

Meaning : to fear

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *veR-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bRe-ʔe (*-r-)

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kui,gndet-notes,

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Gondi etymology :

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Proto-Gondi : *veR-

Meaning : to fear

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : warītānā

Maria Gondi : var̨i-

Seoni Gondi : veri-

Koya Gondi : veri-

Yeotmal Gondi : ver-

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : veri-

Maria Gondi (Lind) : reīnā

Adilabad Gondi : veri-

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Tr warhuttānā, warīstānā to frighten; waṛhūcar scarecrow; Gondi_Ma rey- to be afraid; Gondi_L repīh fear; Gondi_A (Su.) verē fear

Notes : The bisyllabic character of the root caused the metathese *veri- > *vre- > *re- in several dialects.

Number in DED : 5489

Number in CVOTGD : 3050, 3285

gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_s,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_y,gonet-gondi_m,gonet-gondi_l,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-addition,gonet-notes,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,

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Kui-Kuwi etymology :

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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *bRe-ʔe (*-r-)

Meaning : to be afraid

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : bree inba, brehe inba

Number in DED : 5489

kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-dednum,

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