Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *čjǝ̄r-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be salty

Russian meaning: быть соленым

Modern Korean: čǝ̄l- [čjǝ̄l-]

Comments: KED 1442.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *či̯obeŕV ( ~-i̯abu-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: salt; bitter, acid

Russian meaning: соль; горький, кислый

Turkic: *dūŕ

Mongolian: *dabusu

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯujar-

Korean: *čjǝ̄r-

Japanese: *túrá-

Comments: Владимирцов 258, АПиПЯЯ 13, 19, 49-50, 70, 285, Дыбо 11. Mong. dabu-su regularly < *dabur-su; borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is absolutely improbable, despite Щербак 1997, 160. The Turk.-Mong. parallel is an old etymology (starting with Pelliot 1935, 231) which Doerfer (TMN 2, 510-511) tries in vain to refute. A small problem is the preservation of *-b- (one should rather expect *daɣu(r)-sun in Mong.), which should be probably explained by an old assimilation *či̯obeŕV- > *či̯opeŕV in pre-PM. For Jpn. one has to assume a rather universal semantic change 'bitter' > 'hard, unbearable'. Cf. perhaps also MKor. čùijǝ̀mí 'vinegar dregs'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *dūŕ (~ *-ǖ-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: salt

Russian meaning: соль

Old Turkic: tuz (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: tuz (MK, KB)

Turkish: tuz

Tatar: toz

Middle Turkic: tuz (MA)

Uzbek: tuz

Uighur: tuz

Sary-Yughur: duz

Azerbaidzhan: duz

Turkmen: dūz

Khakassian: tus

Shor: tus

Oyrat: tus

Halaj: tūz

Chuvash: tъʷvar

Yakut: tūs

Dolgan: tūs

Tuva: dus

Tofalar: tus

Kirghiz: tuz

Kazakh: tu_z

Noghai: tuz

Bashkir: toδ

Balkar: toδ

Gagauz: tuz

Karaim: tuz

Karakalpak: duz

Salar: duz, düź, tuz

Kumyk: duz

Comments: VEWT 502, EDT 571, ЭСТЯ 3, 288-289, Stachowski 234.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *dabu-su

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: salt

Russian meaning: соль

Written Mongolian: dabusu(n) (L 213)

Middle Mongolian: dabusun (HY 24), ṭābuson (IM), dabusun (MA)

Khalkha: davs(an)

Buriat: dabha(n)

Kalmuck: dawsṇ

Ordos: dawusu

Dongxian: dansun

Baoan: dabsoŋ

Shary-Yoghur: dābsǝn

Monguor: dabsǝ (SM 37)

Mogol: dabsun, dōpsun; ZM dɔ̄bsun (24-6a)

Comments: KW 80-81, MGCD 185. Mong. > Man. dabsu etc., see Poppe 1966, 195, Doerfer MT 38, Rozycki 52.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯujar-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: bitter, acid

Russian meaning: горький, кислый

Evenki: ǯē̂ri-pču

Even: ǯụịr, ǯụjịr

Negidal: ǯojajị-gdị

Spoken Manchu: ǯ́uš́uxun (431)

Literary Manchu: ǯu-šu-xun

Ulcha: ǯụjụr-sị

Orok: dū.re

Nanai: ǯojor-sị

Oroch: ǯui-si

Udighe: ǯūhi 'sour' (Корм. 235)

Solon: ǯiš́il- 'to turn sour'

Comments: ТМС 1, 254. Man. > Dag. ǯusun (Тод. Даг. 145).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *túrá-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: unbearable, hard, bitter

Russian meaning: горький; тяжелый, невыносимый

Old Japanese: tura-

Tokyo: tsùra-

Kyoto: tsúrà-

Kagoshima: tsúra-

Comments: JLTT 842.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *cwVwVrV

Meaning: salty, sour

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *sūr- (also *serw-)

Altaic: *či̯obeŕV ( ~-i̯abu-) (+ *sū̀re 2037)

Uralic: *šOwV 'sauern' (or *čawV 'sauer')

Kartvelian: ? *ć̣ar-

Dravidian: *śovar

Comments: [But for PIE cf. also PA *sū̀re 'sour']. Esk.-Al. *civaʁa 'sorrel'.

References: ND 363 *c̣uyrV 'rot, stink, be spoiled/bitter' compares Kartv. with Alt. *č`ire (see *č̣irV) and FU *ć[uy]rV 'bitter, sour' (which - if it exists - is a better match for Alt. *či̯obeŕV and Drav. *śovar); ND 2113 *SuH/wErV 'sour, seasoned' compares IE *sūr-, Alt. *sūre and the same Ur. *ć[uy]rV. Obviously several roots.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *sūr-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: sour (milk)

Slavic: *sɨ̄rъ(jь), *sɨ̄́rъ

Baltic: *sū̂r-a- (1) adj., *sū̂r-u- adj., *sūr-ā̂ f., *sū̂r-ia- c.

Germanic: *sūr-a- adj.; *sūr-iōn-, -īn- f.

Russ. meaning: кислое (молоко)

References: WP II 513 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *sū̂r-a- (1) adj., *sū̂r-u- adj., *sūr-ā̂ f., *sū̂r-ia- c.

Meaning: sour (adj.)

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: sū́ra- `salzig', sūrù- `salzig, gesalzen', sūrà `Sälzigkeit'; sū́ri-s `(grosser litauischer) Käse, hart und stark gesalzen'

Lettish: sũrs `salzig; bitter, herbe, sauer (= schwer, mühevoll)'

Old Prussian: suris V. 688, sur Grunau 26 `Käse'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *sūra-; *sūriōn/*sūrīn

Meaning: sour, sour milk

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: sūr-r `sauer, bitter'; sǖra f. `saure Milch'

Norwegian: sur adj.; süra

Swedish: sur adj.; süra

Danish: sur adj.; süre

Old English: sūr `sour'; { sǖring `saure Milch' }

English: sour

Old Saxon: sūr-ōgi `triefäugig'

Middle Dutch: suur

Dutch: zuur

Middle Low German: sūr

Old High German: sūr (8.Jh.) `sauer'; sūrī `Sauerkeit'

Middle High German: sūr, sūwer 'sauer, herbe, scharf, bitter', st. n. 'bitterkeit; übel'; siure, siurde st. f. 'säure, schärfe, bitterkeit; sauerteig'

German: sauer

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1913

Root: sū-ro-, sou-ro-

English meaning: salty, bitter; cheese

German meaning: `sauer, salzig, bitter', zunächst von käsig Gerinnendem, schleimig Nassem; auch in Flußnamen

General comments: Wurzel seu̯(ǝ)-, sou̯(ǝ)- : sū̆-

Material: Aisl. sūrr `sauer, scharf', m. `Sauerteig', mnd. mhd. sūr n. `Bitterkeit'; aisl. sȳra f. `saure Milch', ags. sȳring ds., ahd. sūrī `Säure'; ahd. ags. sūr `sauer', aisl. sūr-eygr, ahd. sūr-ougi, ags. sūr-īege `triefäugig'; vgl. toch. В sūrma `Augenkrankheit';

    lit. sū́ras `salzig', lett. sũrs `salzig, bitter', lit. sū́ris m. `Käse', apr. suris ds.;

    aksl. syrъ `feucht', russ. syrój `feucht, roh, sauer'; substantiviert aksl. syrъ, russ. syr `Käse';

    ablaut. aisl. saurr m. `Schmutz, tier. Same'; abg. surovъ `roh', russ. suróvyj `rauh, roh' (*sou-ro-);

    vgl. die FlN kelt. Sūra, nhd. Sauer, Sūr, apr. Sure, lett. Sūr-upe, und den ON Συράκουσαι Pl. `Syrakus' (Sizilien), mit nt-Ableitung zu Συρακώ Name eines Sumpfes.

References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; vielleicht zu seu̯(ǝ)-1 `Saft' (oben S. 912 f.); über `Milch' zu: `geronnene, saure Milch'.

Pages: 1039

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1647

Proto: *šOwV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: to sour

German meaning: sauern, gären

Mari (Cheremis): šua- (KB) 'gären', (B) 'salzig werden, sauer werden'

Udmurt (Votyak): šut- (S) 'gären machen, säuern, malzen'

Komi (Zyrian): šuź- (S), šuʒ́- (P) 'sauer werden, sauern', šu̇ź- (PO) 'sauer werden'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *ć̣ar-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: горький

English meaning: bitter

Georgian: m-c̣ar-e

Megrel: č̣or- (in gito-č̣or-ap- "to eliminate bitterness", ḳolo-č̣ura 'bitter gourd')

Notes and references: Кл, EWK 519-520. Ср. ностр.: ПИЕ *sūr- 'кислый', драв. *suvar 'соль, соленый', алт. *čawVŕV 'соль, горький'.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *śovar

Meaning : salt

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *Uvar

Proto-Telugu : *ogar-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *sovar-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *Uvar

Meaning : saltish, brackish

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : uvar (-pp-, -tt-)

Tamil meaning : to taste saltish, be brackish, taste astringent, dislike, abhor, loathe; n. saltishness, brackishness, salt, brackish soil, fuller's earth, sea, pleasantness

Tamil derivates : uvarppu saltishness, astringency, dislike, aversion; uvari brackish water, urine, sea

Malayalam : uvar

Malayalam meaning : salt taste, brackishness

Malayalam derivates : uvari sea; ōr saltness

Kannada : ogar

Kannada meaning : an astringent taste

Tulu : ubarụ, ubārụ

Tulu meaning : brackishness

Tulu derivates : ugarụ brackish; ogarụ brackishness; salty, brackish; ogaruni to become salty or brackish

Number in DED : 2674

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *ogar-

Meaning : astringent taste; having an astringent taste

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : ogaru

Dialectal forms (1) : vagaru

Number in DED : 2674

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *sovar-

Meaning : salt

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *sovar

Konda : sōru

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *svɔ̄r

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *sār-u

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *sovar

Meaning : salt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : sawwor, sawwar

Maria Gondi : ovor

Koya Gondi : ovor

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : havar

Maria Gondi (Lind) : hovar, ovar

Number in DED : 2674

Number in CVOTGD : 3360

Konda etymology :

Konda : sōru

Meaning: salt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2674

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *svɔ̄r

Meaning : salt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : hōr "salt (sōr in DED is erroneous; hōr in the index is correct)"

Manda : jār

Number in DED : 2674

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *sār-u

Meaning : salt

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : sāru

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : hārū

Kuwi (Schulze) : hāru

Sunkarametta Kuwi : hāru

Number in DED : 2674

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVRV

Meaning : sour

Eurasiatic : *CVwVrV

Sino-Caucasian : *[s]wĭrā (cf. also *=ĭc̣wĂr)

Austric : PAA *ʒū[r] 'sour', PAN *qasiRa 'salt'

Reference : Despite GE 59 *rak Old Ch. *rhāʔ 'coarse, rough (salty as a secondary meaning) < PST *rāH 'coarse, rough' and hardly connected with PAN *qasiRa).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[s]wĭrā

Meaning: sour, sour product

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *swĭrā (~ -ɨ̆-,-ǝ̄)

Sino-Tibetan: *śūr

Comments and references : WFR 4, LV B27. Rather: PST *rū `a k. of fermented drink'. [If this is the case, PST should rather = *=ĭc̣wĂr q.v.]

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *swĭrā (~ -ɨ̆-,-ǝ̄)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a k. of milk product

Proto-Nakh: *šura

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *sʷVrV

Proto-Tsezian: *zʷɨrV A

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular. The semantic development must be explained as (*'milk') > 'sour milk' > 'alcoholic beverage made of milk' (a rather common drink for steppe and mountain cultures).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *šura

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: milk

Chechen: šura

Ingush: šura

Batsbi: šur

Comments: 4th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *sʷVrV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: alum; leavened dough

Avar: surá

Comments: Av. paradigm B (gen. surá-dul).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *zʷɨrV A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: an alcoholic beverage (beer)

Tsezi: zeru / zero

Ginukh: zere

Khvarshi: zila (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: zɨlo

Bezhta: suro (Khosh.)

Gunzib: suru (Gunz.)

Comments: PTsKh *zɨRV; PGB *suru.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *śūr

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sour

Chinese: 酸 *sōr sour.

Tibetan: skjur sour (? < *g-śur, cf. the Rgyarung form below).

Lushai: thūr be acid, sour, KC *thūr.

Lepcha: čór to be sour, to be acid

Kiranti: *ʒhùr

Comments: Tsangla tśur; Kanauri sur-, Lepcha tśór; Rgyarung kǝtśyur; Midzhu sal (M), tśuŕ (K); Bahing dzyur. Sh. 52, 181; Ben. 23. Cf. PAA *ʒVr 'sour'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 酸

Modern (Beijing) reading: suān

Preclassic Old Chinese: sōr

Classic Old Chinese: sōn

Western Han Chinese: sōn

Eastern Han Chinese: sōn

Early Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Late Postclassic Chinese: sōn

Middle Chinese: swân

English meaning : be sour

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кислый; терпкий; прокиснуть; хим. кислота; 2) онемевший; ноющий; ныть, болеть; страдать; страдания; 3) печальный, горестный; скорбный; 4) ревновать; ревность; 5) бедный, скудный, вежл. мой; 6) высокомерный, чванный

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 164

Four-angle index: 6314

Karlgren code: 0468 |e ́

Jianchuan Bai: suã4

Dali Bai: sua4

Bijiang Bai: ?ćã4

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 1930

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 酸

MC description : 山合一平桓心

ZIHUI: 6808 1933

Beijing: suan 11

Jinan: suã 11

Xi'an: suã 11

Taiyuan: suä̃ 1

Hankou: san 11

Chengdu: suan 11

Yangzhou: suõ 11

Suzhou: sö 11

Wenzhou: sö 11

Changsha: sõ 11

Shuangfeng: suã 11

Nanchang: suɔn 11

Meixian: sɔn 11

Guangzhou: syn 11

Xiamen: suan 11 (lit.); sŋ 11

Chaozhou: sɨŋ 11

Fuzhou: souŋ 11

Shanghai: sö 1

Zhongyuan yinyun: son 1

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *ʒhùr (/ʔc-)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: sour

Sunwar: gjur-śo (=/ʒur-śo/? or < Tib.?)

Tulung: ʒhür- be sour (also ʒüʒür variety of bitter fruit)

Kaling: ʒharpä (also ʒuʒur)

Limbu: ke-sū-pā, sut, sūt sour

Dumi: cɨrnɨ

Kulung: ǯuǯurpa adj., ǯur-ma v.

Yamphu: si:ma 'to be sour', su:ma 'to be spicy'

Comments: Toba 96 *jur.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: syutmaʔ, -syutt-/-syut-/-syuʔl

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi.

Meaning: be sour, taste sour, turn sour

Comments: syuttɛi:? Does it taste sour?

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: tsɨrnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vi-1 tsɨr

Meaning: be sour, taste sour

Nepali: amilo hunu

Comments: cf. kha:nɨ, li:mnɨ, tsɨrpɨ.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: jujurpa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adj.

Meaning: sour

Nepali: amilo.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: si:ma I

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <si:d- ; si:->

Grammar: v.intr.stat.

Meaning: to be sour.

Nepali: amilo hunu

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔcVʔra

Meaning: salt, sour

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ʒVr

Austroasiatic meaning: sour

Munda parallels: M ʒɔ=ʒɔ acid, sour

Proto-Austronesian: *qasiRa

Austronesian meaning: salt

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ʒVr

Meaning: sour

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Khmer: ʒu:r < OK ʒu:r

Proto-Vietic: *cua, ʔ-

Khasi: ʒew sour, grievious

References: Kh 772

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: sak

Meaning: to remove the outer covering; to pass off the outer covering

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Comments: JP link the word with OK sak to steal

References: JP357

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *cua, ʔ-

Meaning: sour, acid

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: chua

Vietnamese meaning: sour, acid

Muong dialect: cuǝ.1

Arem: cU:

Proto-Ruc: *cuǝ.1, ʔ- VN?

Ruc (Russian field rec.): ʔicuɔ.1

Ruc (Lo'i's rec.): ʔico:.1

Ruc (Ferlus' rec.): ʔacuʌ.1

Ruc meaning: sour, acid

Thavung-So: cu:.1

Thavung-So meaning: sour

Notes: cf. 3118

References: NTF45, NVL139

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