Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tánkání

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: chisel

Russian meaning: долото, резец

Old Japanese: tagani

Middle Japanese: tágáné

Tokyo: tàgane

Kyoto: tágáné

Kagoshima: tagané

Comments: JLTT 537 (not mentioning the OJ form). Tone in Kagoshima is aberrant. Already in MJ the word was obviously influenced by kane 'metal'.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *č`ĭ́k`ā́

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to cut, cutting instrument

Russian meaning: резать, режущий инструмент

Tungus-Manchu: *čikā-

Japanese: *tánkání

Comments: A Tung.-Jap. isogloss.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čikā-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to cut, hack, chop off

Russian meaning: отрезать, отрубать, отсекать

Evenki: čikā-

Even: čịqị-

Negidal: čịxa-

Literary Manchu: čikiri 'shavings'

Orok: čike 'support for cutting, hacking smth.'

Comments: ТМС 2, 390, 391.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)

Meaning: cut

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *(s)teig-

Altaic: *č`ĭ́k`ā́

Kartvelian: *č̣eč̣ḳ-

Dravidian: *čakk- 'hack' [Bomhard 1996]

Comments: Cf. *čiKV

References: ОСНЯ 1, 210, МССНЯ 361, Bomhard 1996, 159-160; ND 418 *č̣/čiḳV 'to cut' (TM - Kartv.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(s)teig-

Meaning: to be sharp; to stab

Old Indian: téjate, ptc. tiktá- `to be or become sharp'; tigmá- `sharp, pointed', téjas- n. `sharp edge, point, top; brilliance, clearness', téjana- n. `sharpening, whetting; shaft of an arrow'

Avestan: taēɣa-, taēža- `scharf', m. `Schärfe', tiɣra- `spitz', tiži- (in Zs) `spitz', tiɣri- `Pfeil'

Other Iranian: OPers tigra- `spitz'; NPers tēɣ `Spitze, Schwert', tēz `scharf', tēǯ `Pfeil'

Old Greek: stízdō, aor. stíksai̯, ps. stikhthē̂nai̯, pf. ps. éstigmai̯, va. stiktó- `stechen, tätowieren, brandmarken', stígma n. `Stich, Malzeichen, Brandmarke', stigmǟ́ f. `Mal, Fleck, Pünktchen, Kleinigkeit', stigmó-s m. `Stich, Brandmarke', stíksi-s f. `das Stechen', stígōn, -ōnos m. `Gebrandmerker', stígo-s m., -n n. `Punkt', stíktǟ-s m. `Stecher, Brandmarker'

Baltic: *stig- (*steĩg-a-) vb. intr., *stī̂g- vb. intr.; *steĩg- (-ja-) vb. tr., *staig-ā̂ f., *staĩg-u-, *staĩg-n-[a]- adj., *staĩg-in̂- vb.

Germanic: *stik-i- c., *stak-i- c., *stik-a- vb., *stak-l=, *stai-k-ia- vb., etc.

Latin: īnstīgāre `anstacheln; anspornen, anreizen, aufhetzen'; īnstinguō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `anreizen', īnstīnctus, -ūs m. `Antrieb, Eingebung', interstinguō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `hin und wieder mit etwas besetzen', distinguō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `unterscheiden, trennen'

Russ. meaning: быть острым; вонзать острие

References: WP II 612 f

Comments: Germanic has hopelessly confused the roots *stek- and *stīk-. In Baltic it is almost as hopeless to search for traces of a distinction between *steigh- 'to tread' and *steig- 'to stab, pierce'.

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *stig- (*steĩg-a-) vb. intr., *stī̂g- vb. intr.; *steĩg- (-ja-) vb. tr., *staig-ā̂ f., *staĩg-u-, *staĩg-n-[a]- adj., *staĩg-in̂- vb.

Meaning: be held up, stick

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: stìgti (stiñga, stìgō) `auf einer Stelle ruhig weilend aushalten, sich ruhig verhalten, ruhig bleiben, stillhalten, -stehen', stī́gti (-gstu, -gō) '(an der Stelle) ruhig verharren, sich ruhig verhalten, ruhig bleiben, stillhalten'; steĩgti (-gia, -gē) '(be)gründen, stiften, errichten, anlegen, schaffen', staigà adv. `plötzlich, auf einmal, unerwartet', staigù- `jäh, plötzlich, steil, abschüssig, schnell aufbrausend', staĩginti 'beschleunigen, steiler machen'

Lettish: stigt (stìegu, stigu) `einschiessen, einsinken (in einen Sumpf)'; stàigs, stàigns 'morastig, quebbig, einschiessend, grundlos'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *stiki-z, *staki-z, *stikan-, *stakl=, *staikian-, etc.

Meaning: pointed stick

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *stik-s m. (i) `point'; *stak-s m.? (i) `mark'; { stikls 'Becher, Kelch' }

Old Norse: { stikil-l 'Spitze eines Trinkhorn' }

Old English: stice `Stich, Stachel, Seitenstechen; stechendes Gefühl', stician `stechen; (intr.) stecken bleiben, festhalten'; sticel 'Stachel'; sticol 'steil, stechend'

Middle English: sticken `nähen'

English: stitch

Old Frisian: steka `steken'

Old Saxon: stekan (stak) `festheften, festhaften'; stiki; stekul 'rauh, steinig'

Middle Dutch: stēken `steken, stoten'; sticken; stēke; ; stekele 'stachlige Pflanze'

Dutch: steken; zuidnl. stekken `met een scherp voodwerp steken, prikken'; stikken; steek; stekel 'Stachel'

Middle Low German: steke `Stich, Stachel, Seitenstechen', sticken 'herrichten, Muster annähen, Pfeile schäften' { `stechen, feststecken, sticken, ansticken, anzünden, ersticken' }, stecken; stēk(e)

Old High German: stih (9.Jh.) `Stich, Punkt'; gisticken `befestigen, herrichten' (8.Jh.), { ir-sticken `ersticken' }, { steckēn `festritzen' }; steckōn (8.Jh.); stehhan (um 800) `stechen', stecken `anheften, annageln' (9.Jh.); stackila (10.Jh.), stackulla (8.Jh.); { stahhula `Stachel'; stehho `Stecken' }; stehhōn 'anstacheln, erstechen' (8.Jh.); stahhil (9.Jh.); stihhila (um 1100), stihhil 'Stachel, Spitze, Pfahl' (Hs. 12.Jh.); stehhal 'Becher' (9.Jh.); hornstehhal 'mit den Hörnern stossend' (9.Jh.)

Middle High German: stich st. m. 'Stich; Knoten, Punkt, Augenblick, abschüssige Stelle, steile Anhöhe'; md. sticken wk. 'erhabene Muster einnähen, gestalten, fälteln, mit (Zaun)pfählen versehen'; stɛcken, stɛchen wk. 'einstechend befestigen'; stecken 'eingestochen festhaften, sich befinden'; stëchen st. 'stechen; turnieren'; stachel; stichel st. m. 'Stachel', stickel st. m. 'spitzer Pfahl; Spitze, Stimulus'; stëchel, stichel, stickel 'stechend, spitzig, jäh, steil'

German: Stachel m., Stichel m., Stich m.; (wo) stecken; stechen (stach), stecken (tr.), sticken; stickel (bis ins 17.Jh.) 'steil ansteigend, hoch'

Comments: The roots *stek- and *stīk- are hopelessly confused here.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 499

Root: er-4 (er-t-, er-u̯-)

English meaning: Earth

German meaning: `Erde'

Material: Gr. ἔρᾱ `Erde', ἔρα-ζε `zur Erde' (vielleicht davon ἐράω, s. unten S. 336; mit Zusammendehnung wohl πολύηρος πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος Hes.); ἔνεροι, s. oben S. 312; ἐρεσι-μέτρη γεωμετρίαν Hes.;

    germ. *erþō in got. aírþa, anord. jǫrð, ahd. (usw.) erda `Erde';

    germ. *erō in ahd. ero `Erde';

    u̯o-Erw. in anord. jǫrvi (*erwan-) `Sand, Sandbank', und

    cymr. erw f. `Feld', Pl. erwi, erwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. mbret. eru, nbret. ero `Furche' (*eru̯i-);

    vielleicht arm. erkir `Erde' (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), wenn für *erg- (idg. *eru̯-) nach erkin `Himmel'.

References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424.

Pages: 332

PIE database: PIE database

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *č̣eč̣ḳ-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: резать (мелко)

English meaning: to cut in little pieces

Georgian: č̣eč̣ḳ-

Megrel: č̣ḳač̣ḳ-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 538, EWK 255. В ОСНЯ 1, 210 выдвигается предположение о частичной редупликации (*č̣eč̣ḳ- < *č̣ḳeč̣ḳ- < *č̣ḳ-) и корень сравнивается с ПТМ *čik- 'срезать, срубить' < ностр. *č̣iḳV. Бомхард (1996, 159-160) сравнивает картв. форму с драв. *cakk- 'рубить, разрубать'.

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVKV

Meaning : to pierce

Eurasiatic : *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)

Afroasiatic : ??? Ar. ɵqb- 'percer, forer'; cf. also Berb. *-skir, Cush. *cVḳ- 'fingernail, claw'

Sino-Caucasian : *č̣wǝ̆ḳwV

Austric : *CVk

Amerind (misc.) : *cikʷ 'cut' (R 157) [+ A]

African (misc.) : Bantu *-còk- 'poke in'.

Reference : МССНЯ 344, (ND 384 Nostr.+Ar.); GE 71 *ṭiḳ (?). One of several similar roots; cf. Peiros 1989, 127.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *č̣wǝ̆ḳwV

Meaning: knife, axe, to drill holes

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *č̣_wɨḳwV

Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hV̄kʷ

Yenisseian: *čok

Burushaski: *ćak

Comments and references : HGC 32, NSC 53 *č̣wVḳ(w)V, DCE 25. PY points to lax phonation, contradicting NC tenseness (which is itself, however, not quite certain, being based on a somewhat questionable equation of PC *ṭʷiq and PL *č̣uḳa).

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *č̣_wɨḳwV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knife

Proto-Tsezian: *ṭʷiq A

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣uḳa ( ~ -o-; /-k-)

Notes: A Tsez-Lezg. isogloss; one of the cases demonstrating the development *č̣w- > *ṭʷ- in PTs.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *ṭʷiq A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knife

Tsezi: ṭaIq

Ginukh: ṭoq

Khvarshi: ṭiq

Inkhokvari: ṭuqI

Comments: PTsKh *ṭʷiIq.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *č̣uḳa ( ~ -o-; /-k-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: knife

Lezghian: čuḳul

Tsakhur: č̣ɨka

Kryz: č̣uḳul (Khaidakov)

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. čḳɨl 'small knife'. The Lezg. and Kryz. form have a frequent *-l-suffix. 4th class in Tsakh.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʒ́hV̄kʷ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: chisel; axe, hoe

Chinese: 鑿 *ʒ́hākʷ to bore, chisel out.

Lushai: čēk (čeʔ) chop or hack with axe; to hoe.

Comments: Cf. also Lush. ha-čhek a small axe. See also *chīkʷ.

Chinese characters :

Character: 鑿

Modern (Beijing) reading: záo

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hākʷ

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhāuk

Western Han Chinese: ʒhāuk

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhāuk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāuk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāk

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhāk

Middle Chinese: ʒâk

English meaning : to bore, chisel out

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бурав; долото; сверло; зубило; 2) долбить; сверлить; вырыть (колодец); 3) паз, отверстие; гнездо; 4) достоверный; настоящий, реальный; [zuò] обдирать рис

Comments: For *ʒ́h cf. Xiamen chak⁸, chɔk⁸, Fuzhou chök⁸, Dongshan chak⁸. Also used for *ćākʷ, MC câk, Mand. zuò 'to be shining, brilliant'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 167

Four-angle index: 376

Karlgren code: 1128 a

Vietnamese reading: tạc

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 2586

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 鑿

MC description : 宕開一入鐸從

ZIHUI: 7020 0269

Beijing: cau 12; cuo 12

Jinan: cuǝ 12

Xi'an: cuo 12

Taiyuan: caʔ 42

Hankou: co 12

Chengdu: cho 12

Yangzhou: câʔ 4

Suzhou: zoʔ 42

Wenzhou: zö 42

Changsha: cho 4

Shuangfeng: ʒû 31

Nanchang: chɔk 41

Meixian: chɔk 42

Guangzhou: čɔk 42

Xiamen: cɔk 42 (lit.); cak 42

Chaozhou: cɔʔ 42

Fuzhou: couʔ 42

Shanghai: zoʔ 42

Zhongyuan yinyun: co 41

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *čok

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: axe

Ket: tōk, pl. tɔ:ɣǝ⁴ (South. tɔɣ⁴) 'axe'; tɔgul⁶, pl. tɔɣuĺǝŋ⁵ 'axe-handle'

Yug: čok, pl. čɔ:^hk 'axe'; čɔguĺ⁵, pl. čɔguĺǝŋ⁵ 'axe-handle'

Comments: ССЕ 218. For the second part of the Ket and Yug compound see *ʔuĺ- 'handle'. Cf. also Ket tɔɣa⁵ tīś / tъuk-tiś¹ / tъ̄k-tiś¹, Yug čɔga⁵ čis 'whetstone' (lit. "axe-stone"). Werner 2, 283 <*t'okǝ > *t'ogǝ>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ćak

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: pick-axe

Hunza: ćak

Nagar: ćak

Comments: Sh. ćak.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *CVk

Meaning: cut, break

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ca:k; also *ciek divide

Austroasiatic meaning: cut

Munda parallels: Kar cac'aʔ; M cagar tear

Proto-Austronesian: pesak, peceq; also *biseqak, *bisak 'split', *bacuk 'hoe, chop up (soil)'

Austronesian meaning: break into pieces, hatch

Proto-Thai: cak to split; also cɛ:k

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ciek

Meaning: divide

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: cɛ:k

Khmer: ce:k < OC cek

Proto-Palaungic: *siak

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: ce:k

Meaning: to devide, share

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Old Khmer: cek

Old Khmer Meaning: to divide, deal out

References: P167, JP64

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong:

Meaning: to separate

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Vietnamese: tách

Vietnamese meaning: to separate

Muong dialect: cɛk.3

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *siak

Meaning: chop

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-De'ang: *siɔk

Riang: siɛk.1

Riang meaning: to chop

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *siɔk

Meaning: to cut

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang-1: siâuʔ

De'ang-2: sɔk.1

References: WW-520

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