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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kìnái
Meaning: pestle
Russian meaning: пестик
Old Japanese: kjine
Middle Japanese: kine
Tokyo: kíne
Kyoto: kìné
Kagoshima: kiné
Comments: JLTT 450. The OJ variant kji probably reflects an early contraction < *k`èlńí-gV. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`èlńí
Meaning: mortar
Russian meaning: ступка
Comments: A common Altaic cultural term; despite the rare cluster *-lń- the reconstruction appears reliable.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *kẹli
Meaning: mortar
Russian meaning: ступка
Turkish: keli (dial.)
Tatar: kile
Middle Turkic: keli
Uzbek: keli (dial.)
Chuvash: kilǝ
Yakut: kelī
Bashkir: kile
Balkar: keli
Karaim: keli
Kumyk: keli
Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 33. Cf. also such forms as Chuv. kiźep 'tamper, pestle' and Bashk. ki(l)sap, kilɵap id. Turk. > Hung. kölyű, see Gombocz 1912. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xelńi
Meaning: mortar
Russian meaning: ступка
Literary Manchu: xeĺen
Ulcha: xeńi
Nanai: xeńi ( > Neg. xeńi)
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-man,tunget-ulc,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVlV
Meaning: stick
Uralic: ? FU *käLta 'pole' (ND 1047)
References: ND 863 *k[o]lV 'bough, stick' - compares Drav. to OT qoluŋa 'young shoot of a plant or tree' and IE *g(ʷ)ol- 'branch'; ND 1047 *ḳ[ä]l[h]u 'stick, hook, bar' (Ur. + SH + various words for "key"). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-drav,nostret-reference,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *kald-
Meaning: log
Old Indian: kāṣṭhá- n. `piece of wood or timber, stick'; kaḍamba- m. `end or point; (L.) stalk of a pot-herb'
Old Greek: kládo-s `Zweig', acc. klád-a, dat. kladí `id.', *kladṓn, -ónos m. = kládos Hsch. (pl. kladónes)
Celtic: MIr caill, gen. -e `Wald'; Cymr celli `Wald', Corn kelli `nemus'
Russ. meaning: бревно
References: WP I 436 f
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Vasmer's dictionary :
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Word: коло́да,
Near etymology: укр., блр. коло́да, русск.-цслав. клада δοκός, болг. кла́да, сербохорв. кла̏да, словен., чеш. kláda, слвц. klada, польск. kɫоdа, в.-луж. kɫóda, н.-луж. kɫоdа.
Further etymology: От коло́ть. Родственно др.-исл. holt, д.-в.-н. holz "роща, лесок, кустарник", греч. κλάδος "ветвь, побег", ирл. саill "лес" (*kaldet-), сюда же кимр. Сеlidоn -- стар. название Шотландии, лат. Саlеdоniа; см. Бернекер 1, 543; Бецценбергер у Стокса 82; ВВ 16, 240; Фортунатов, ВВ 6, 216; Торп 84.
Pages: 2,293
vasmer-general,vasmer-origin,vasmer-pages,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xulta-n, -z
Meaning: holt, wood
Old Norse: holt n. `kleiner Wald'
Norwegian: holt `Wäldchen'
Swedish: hult `Wald'
Old Danish: holt `Wald'
Danish: dial. holte `Waldlichtung'
Old English: holt, -es m., n. `holt, wood, grove, copse; wood (lignum)'
English: holt
Old Frisian: holt `hout, houtstuk'
Old Saxon: holt `hout'
Middle Dutch: hout `hout, boom, bos'
Dutch: hout n.
Old Franconian: holt `hout'
Old High German: holz (8.Jh.)
Middle High German: holz st. n. 'wald, gehölze; holz als stoff; stück holz'
German: Holz n.
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-odan,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-engl,germet-ofris,germet-osax,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-olfrank,germet-ohg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *kōl-
Meaning : stick
Proto-South Dravidian: *kōl Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kōl- dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kōl
Meaning : stick, staff
Tamil : kōl
Tamil meaning : stick, staff, branch, arrow
Malayalam : kōl
Malayalam meaning : staff, rod, stick, arrow
Kannada : kōl, kōlu
Kannada meaning : stick, staff, arrow
Kodagu : kōlɨ
Kodagu meaning : stick
Tulu : kōlụ, kōlu
Tulu meaning : stick, staff
Number in DED : 2237
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-tul,sdret-tulmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kōl
Meaning : stick
Kota : kōl "stick, story of funeral car"
Toda : kwɨ̄s_
Number in DED : 2237
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *kōl-
Meaning : stick, staff, arrow; long, oblong
Telugu : kōla
Additional forms : Also kōlana elongatedness, elongation; kōlani elongated
Number in DED : 2237
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kōl-
Meaning : stick, shaft
Kinwat Kolami : kōla "stick"
Kolami (Setumadhava Rao) : kolā "stick"
Naiki : kōl "pestle"
Parji : kōl "shaft of arrow"
Number in DED : 2237
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kol_kin,kogaet-kol_sr,kogaet-naiki,kogaet-parji,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kōl-
Meaning : stick, pestle
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kon,gndet-pem,gndet-kui,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *kōl-ā
Meaning : stick, rod, handle
Betul Gondi : kōlā "a thin twig or stick, esp. for kindling a fire"
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : kōlā "stick, rod, a blade of grass, straw"
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : kōlā "stick, rod, a blade of grass, straw"
Gommu Gondi : kōla "handle of plough, sickle, knife, etc."
Muria Gondi : kōla "handle of plough, sickle, knife, etc."
Maria Gondi : kōla "handle of plough, sickle, knife, etc."
Koya Gondi : kōla "handle of plough, sickle, knife, etc."
Maria Gondi (Smith) : kola "the handle of an implement"
Adilabad Gondi : kōla "shaft of arrow"
Additional forms : Also Gondi_A (Su.) kōlā stick, arrow, slate-pencil
Number in DED : 2237
Number in CVOTGD : 988
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_tr,gonet-gondi_w,gonet-gondi_ph,gonet-gondi_g,gonet-gondi_mu,gonet-gondi_ma,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-gondi_lu_s,gonet-gondi_a,gonet-addition,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Konda etymology :
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Konda : kōl
Meaning: big wooden pestle
Number in DED : 2237
konet-meaning,konet-prnum,konet-dednum,
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Pengo-Manda etymology :
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Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kōl
Meaning : pestle
Pengo : kōl
Manda : kūl
Number in DED : 2237
pemet-meaning,pemet-prnum,pemet-pengo,pemet-manda,pemet-dednum,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kōl-u
Meaning : pestle
Kui : kōḍu (pl. kōṭka)
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : kōlū (pl. kōlka)
Kuwi (Schulze) : kōlu (pl. kōlka)
Sunkarametta Kuwi : kōlu (pl. kōlka)
Number in DED : 2237
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kui,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-kuwi_su,kuiet-dednum,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : KVLV
Meaning : stick
Afroasiatic : *ḳVl- (Cush., Omot., Ar., Chad.)
Amerind (misc.) : Yuki *hol, Chibch. *kal- 'tree' (under *kan R 782)
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-amer,globet-reference,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *gá̆ɫV
Meaning: stick, pole, stump
Comments and references : WFR 34. PY -ʔ- seems to contradict lax type in PNC; however, we should note that initial *g_- is lacking in PNC, and the word may well have belonged to the tense type (*g_ălV > *gălV).
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-notes,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *găl(V)gV
Meaning: stick
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. It is possible to derive this stem (through reduplication) from PEC *gălV 'stick' q.v.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-darg,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *gag
Meaning: 1 branch 2 tree 3 bunch (of grapes)
Chechen: ga 1
Ingush: ga 1,2
Batsbi: gag 3
Comments: 3d class in Chech., 4th class in Ing., 6th class in Bacb. Cf. also Akk. gav "branch".
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *gVrVgV
Meaning: block (a piece of cloven log)
Avar: gerégi
Comments: Isolated in Av., but with good external parallels.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *gagV- ~ *gogV-
Meaning: rolling-pin, beater
Bezhta: gogo-ṭa
Comments: Cf. also Khosh. gaga-ṭo id. Although the root is known only in Bezht., it has reliable external correspondences.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-bzt,cezet-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *k:alk:V
Meaning: 1 tree 2 branch
Akusha: galga 1
Chiragh: k:alč:e 2
Comments: Cf. also Ur. galga, Kait., Kharb. k:alk:a 'tree' etc.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-chr,darget-comment,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kāɫ ( ~ g-, G-)
Meaning: pole, club
Tibetan: mgal, ãgal a billet of wood.
Kachin: khon2 a club, cudgel.
Comments: It is possible that *kāɫ 'pole, club', *kān (~-ɫ) 'knock' and *kāɫ 'barrier, shield' actually represent one and the same original root ('wooden block, cudgel or shield'). Cf. also designations for 'penis' in Kham (or-kal) and Garo gol-teŋ, see STEDT 328-329 *ga[l/r] 'penis'. Cf. *kār. stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-kach,stibet-comments,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 竿
Modern (Beijing) reading: gān
Preclassic Old Chinese: kān
Classic Old Chinese: kān
Western Han Chinese: kān
Eastern Han Chinese: kān
Early Postclassic Chinese: kān
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kān
Late Postclassic Chinese: kān
Middle Chinese: kân
English meaning : a bamboo pole, rod
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бамбуковый шест; 2) нарушать, вторгаться, см. 干
Shuowen gloss: 竹梃也.從竹.干聲. [194]
Comments: Viet. cần 'pole; lever' is colloquial; standard Sino-Viet. is can.
Radical: 118
Four-angle index: 2374
Karlgren code: 0139 k
Vietnamese reading: cần
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,
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Chinese Dialects :
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Number: 825
Character: 竿
MC description : 山開一平寒見
ZIHUI: 4557 1739
Beijing: kan 11
Jinan: kã 11
Xi'an: kã 11
Taiyuan: kä̃ 1
Hankou: kan 11
Chengdu: kan 11
Yangzhou: kɛ̃ 11
Suzhou: kö 11
Wenzhou: ky 11
Changsha: kan 11
Shuangfeng: kuɛ̃ 11
Nanchang: kɔn 11
Meixian: kɔn 11
Guangzhou: kɔn 11
Xiamen: kan 11 (lit.); kuã 11
Chaozhou: kaŋ 11
Fuzhou: kaŋ 11
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,
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Yenisseian etymology :
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Proto-Yenisseian: *gɔʔl- (~k-,-o-)
Meaning: stump
Yug: kɔʔl, pl. ko:ĺ
Comments: ССЕ 228. Probable Ket and Kottish matches see under *sVŋgVl-. The same root is possibly present in Kott. kal-tapen "wedge (for splitting logs)". Werner 1, 445 <*koʔǝl / *koʔl>.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-sym,yenet-notes,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *gal
Meaning: 1 bridge 2 steps, cross-beams
Yasin: gal 1, gáliŋ 2
Hunza: gal 1, gáliŋ 2
Nagar: gal 1, gáliŋ 2
Comments: Cf. also galtar `small branch'
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,buruet-notes,
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Austric etymology :
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Proto-Austric: *gal
Meaning: tree, stick
Austroasiatic meaning: tree
Proto-Austronesian: *paŋkal (also *tugal 'dibble stick')
Austronesian meaning: trunk
Austronesian code: not in B
References: P-165
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-an,austr-anme,austr-ancode,austr-bibl,
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Austro-Asiatic etymology :
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Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *gal / *gǝl
Meaning: tree
Proto-Khmu: *kɨl
References: S-139
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-kat,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,aaet-vim,aaet-mon,aaet-kmu,aaet-bib,
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Katuic etymology :
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Proto-Katuic: *gal
Meaning: root (of banana tree)
Presyllable: #
References: P-260, TK4.8
katet-meaning,katet-prpr,katet-prnum,katet-wkat,katet-ekat,katet-bibref,
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West Katuic etymology :
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Proto-West Katuic: *gal
Meaning: root (of banana tree)
Presyllable: #
Bru Van Keu: kʌl.L
Bru Van Keu meaning: base of tree
Bru: kal.B
Bru meaning: trunk, stalk
Kui: khal.B
Kui meaning: tree trunk
Kuay: khal.B
Kuay meaning: tree
Ngeu: khaj.B
Ngeu meaning: tree
wkatet-meaning,wkatet-wpre,wkatet-prnum,wkatet-vkv,wkatet-vkvme,wkatet-bru,wkatet-brume,wkatet-kui,wkatet-kuime,wkatet-kuay,wkatet-kuayme,wkatet-ngeu,wkatet-nyeume,
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East Katuic etymology :
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Proto-East Katuic: *gǝl / *kǝl
Meaning: root (of banana tree)
Presyllable: #/ʔǝ-
Kri: kǝl
Chatong: kǝl
Kantu dialects: ʔagǝl
Dakkan dialects (1): gul V?
ekatet-meaning,ekatet-epre,ekatet-prnum,ekatet-kr,ekatet-ct,ekatet-kntt,ekatet-dkl,
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Bahnar etymology :
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Proto-Bahnaric: *kŭl
Meaning: underground portion of trunk
Presyllable: #
Proto-West Bahnaric: *kVl References: TB4.9
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-web,banet-nwb,banet-har,banet-refer,
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West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-West- Bahnaric: *kVl
Meaning: underground portion of trunk
Jaru form: kuǝl
Juk: kɨl
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-jk,
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North-West Bahnaric etymology :
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Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *kul, tǝ- / *g[u]l
Meaning: underground portion of trunk
Tariang: takul
Yaeh: gɨl
nwbet-meaning,nwbet-prnum,nwbet-tr,nwbet-yh,
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Harak etymology :
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Proto-Harak: *kul, tǝ- / *g[u]l
Meaning: underground portion of trunk
Harak: gul
haret-meaning,haret-prnum,haret-hr,
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Khmer etymology :
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Khmer: gal'
Old Khmer: gal
Old Khmer Meaning: stump, stock, base
References: P134
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,
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Viet-Muong etymology :
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Proto-Viet-Muong: *kǝj // *gǝj
Meaning: tree
Vietnamese: cây
Thomon: kǝn.43
Tum: kǝl.0 khlaŋ.33
vimet-meaning,vimet-prnum,vimet-viet,vimet-thm,vimet-tum,
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Monic etymology :
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Proto-Monic: *gǝl
Meaning: stamp of tree
Presyllable: tǝ(l)-
Modern Mon: dǝguiw, dhǝguiw
Middle Mon: taguiw
Nyakur: tǝkhǝl.B
Nyakur meaning: stump of tree
References: N79; S-139
monet-meaning,monet-prpr,monet-prnum,monet-word,monet-mm,monet-tc,monet-tcme,monet-bib,
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